University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Birth Defects Res. 2017 Apr 3;109(6):403-422. doi: 10.1002/bdra.23602. Epub 2017 Feb 21.
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the most common types of birth defects. Environmental pollutants and acculturation have been associated with NTDs independently. The potential effect modification of acculturation in the relationship between ambient air pollution and risks of NTDs is not well understood.
We investigated whether associations between traffic-related air pollutant exposure in early gestation and NTDs, and more specifically spina bifida, were modified by individual and neighborhood acculturation factors among 139 cases and 466 controls born in the San Joaquin Valley of California, 1997 to 2006. Five criteria pollutant exposures in tertiles, two outcomes, and seven neighborhood acculturation factors from the U.S. Census at the block group level were included for a total of 280 investigated associations. Estimates were adjusted for maternal education and multivitamin use in the first 2 months of pregnancy. Additional analyses were stratified by nativity.
Increased odds of NTDs were observed for individuals who had high exposures to carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, or nitrogen dioxide and lived in neighborhoods that were more acculturated. Conversely, there were increased odds of NTDs for those who had high prenatal exposure to PM and lived in neighborhoods that were less acculturated. The results of spina bifida alone were generally stronger in magnitude. When stratified by individual nativity (U.S.- vs. foreign-born), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and nitrogen dioxide were more strongly associated with NTDs among U.S.-born Hispanic mothers.
Neighborhood acculturation factors were modifiers of the relationship between air pollution and NTDs in California, though not in a consistent direction for all pollutants. Birth Defects Research 109:403-422, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
神经管缺陷（NTDs）是最常见的出生缺陷之一。环境污染物和文化适应已被独立地与 NTDs 相关联。文化适应在环境空气污染与 NTDs 风险之间的关系中的潜在效应修饰作用尚未得到很好的理解。
我们研究了个体和邻里文化适应因素是否会改变妊娠早期交通相关空气污染物暴露与 NTDs（特别是脊柱裂）之间的关联，这项研究纳入了 1997 年至 2006 年在加利福尼亚州圣华金谷出生的 139 例病例和 466 例对照，研究共包含了 280 种关联。总共包括了 5 种三分类污染物暴露、2 种结局和美国人口普查中街区组水平的 7 种邻里文化适应因素。在妊娠前 2 个月使用母亲教育和多种维生素进行调整。还按出生地进行了分层分析。
对于暴露于高浓度一氧化碳、氮氧化物或二氧化氮的个体以及居住在文化适应程度较高的社区的个体，NTDs 的发病风险增加。相反，对于那些在产前暴露于 PM 较高且居住在文化适应程度较低的社区的个体，NTDs 的发病风险增加。单纯的脊柱裂结果的幅度通常更大。当按个体出生地（美国出生与外国出生）进行分层时，在美国出生的西班牙裔母亲中，一氧化碳、氮氧化物和二氧化氮与 NTDs 的相关性更强。
邻里文化适应因素是加利福尼亚州空气污染与 NTDs 之间关系的修饰因素，但对于所有污染物并非都是以一致的方向起作用。出生缺陷研究 109:403-422,2017. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
