Fernandes Bruna Soares, Vieira João Paulo Fernandes, Contesini Fabiano Jares, Mantelatto Paulo Eduardo, Zaiat Marcelo, Pradella José Geraldo da Cruz
a Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Centre of Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Brazil.
b Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos , Brazil.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2017 Dec;37(8):1048-1061. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1304356. Epub 2017 Apr 20.
This review aims to present an innovative concept of high value added lipids produced by heterotrophic microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, using carbon sources, such as sugars, acids and alcohols that could come from sugarcane vinasse, which is the main byproduct from ethanol production that is released in the distillation step. Vinasse is a rich carbon source and low-cost feedstock produced in large amounts from ethanol production. In 2019, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply estimates that growth of ethanol domestic consumption will be 58.8 billion liters, more than double the amount in 2008. This represents the annual production of more than 588 billion liters of vinasse, which is currently used as a fertilizer in the sugarcane crop, due to its high concentration of minerals, mainly potassium. However, studies indicate some disadvantages such as the generation of Greenhouse Gas emission during vinasse distribution in the crop, as well as the possibility of contaminating the groundwater and soil. Therefore, the development of programs for sustainable use of vinasse is a priority. One profitable alternative is the fermentation of vinasse, followed by an anaerobic digester, in order to obtain biomaterials such as lipids, other byproducts, and methane. Promising high value added lipids, for instance carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS), with a predicted market of millions of US$, could be produced using vinasse as carbon source, to guide an innovative concept for sustainable production. Example of lipids obtained from the fermentation of compounds present in vinasse are vitamin D, which comes from yeast sucrose fermentation and Omega 3, which can be obtained by bacteria and fungi fermentation. Additionally, several other compounds present in vinasse can be used for this purpose, including sucrose, ethanol, lactate, pyruvate, acetate and other carbon sources. Finally, this paper illustrates the potential market and microbial processes, using microorganisms, for lipid production.
本综述旨在提出一种创新概念，即利用异养微生物（细菌和真菌），以糖、酸和醇等碳源生产高附加值脂质，这些碳源可来自甘蔗酒糟，甘蔗酒糟是乙醇生产的主要副产品，在蒸馏步骤中产生。酒糟是一种丰富的碳源和低成本原料，大量产生于乙醇生产过程。2019年，巴西农业、畜牧业和粮食供应部估计，国内乙醇消费量将增长至588亿升，是2008年的两倍多。这意味着每年生产超过5880亿升酒糟，目前因其富含矿物质（主要是钾）而被用作甘蔗作物的肥料。然而，研究表明存在一些缺点，如酒糟在作物中分布时会产生温室气体排放，以及可能污染地下水和土壤。因此，制定酒糟可持续利用方案是当务之急。一种有利可图的替代方法是对酒糟进行发酵，然后通过厌氧消化器，以获得脂质、其他副产品和甲烷等生物材料。利用酒糟作为碳源，可以生产出前景广阔的高附加值脂质，例如类胡萝卜素和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），预计市场价值可达数百万美元，从而引领可持续生产的创新理念。从酒糟中存在的化合物发酵获得的脂质示例包括来自酵母蔗糖发酵的维生素D和可通过细菌和真菌发酵获得的欧米伽3。此外，酒糟中存在的其他几种化合物也可用于此目的，包括蔗糖、乙醇、乳酸、丙酮酸、乙酸和其他碳源。最后，本文阐述了利用微生物生产脂质的潜在市场和微生物过程。
