Combe Marine, Velvin Camilla Jensen, Morris Aaron, Garchitorena Andres, Carolan Kevin, Sanhueza Daniel, Roche Benjamin, Couppié Pierre, Guégan Jean-François, Gozlan Rodolphe Elie
Centre IRD de Montpellier, Département Santé, UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France.
The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017 Apr 26;6(4):e21. doi: 10.1038/emi.2017.7.
Many emerging infectious diseases are caused by generalist pathogens that infect and transmit via multiple host species with multiple dissemination routes, thus confounding the understanding of pathogen transmission pathways from wildlife reservoirs to humans. The emergence of these pathogens in human populations has frequently been associated with global changes, such as socio-economic, climate or biodiversity modifications, by allowing generalist pathogens to invade and persist in new ecological niches, infect new host species, and thus change the nature of transmission pathways. Using the case of Buruli ulcer disease, we review how land-use changes, climatic patterns and biodiversity alterations contribute to disease emergence in many parts of the world. Here we clearly show that Mycobacterium ulcerans is an environmental pathogen characterized by multi-host transmission dynamics and that its infectious pathways to humans rely on the local effects of global environmental changes. We show that the interplay between habitat changes (for example, deforestation and agricultural land-use changes) and climatic patterns (for example, rainfall events), applied in a local context, can lead to abiotic environmental changes and functional changes in local biodiversity that favor the pathogen's prevalence in the environment and may explain disease emergence.
许多新发传染病是由泛嗜性病原体引起的，这些病原体通过多种传播途径在多种宿主物种间感染和传播，这使得人们难以理解病原体从野生动物宿主传播到人类的途径。这些病原体在人类群体中的出现常常与全球变化有关，如社会经济、气候或生物多样性的改变，这些变化使泛嗜性病原体得以侵入并在新的生态位中持续存在，感染新的宿主物种，从而改变传播途径的性质。以布鲁里溃疡病为例，我们回顾了土地利用变化、气候模式和生物多样性改变如何导致世界许多地区疾病的出现。我们在此明确表明，溃疡分枝杆菌是一种以多宿主传播动态为特征的环境病原体，其感染人类的途径依赖于全球环境变化的局部影响。我们表明，在局部环境中，栖息地变化（如森林砍伐和农业土地利用变化）与气候模式（如降雨事件）之间的相互作用可导致非生物环境变化和当地生物多样性的功能变化，这有利于病原体在环境中的流行，并可能解释疾病的出现。
