Isolation and characterization of the human 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase gene.

The human 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase gene was isolated from genomic libraries and analyzed by Southern blots and DNA sequencing. The transcription initiation site was localized by primer extension as well as by S1 protection of the mRNA. The gene extends over 22 kilobase pairs; it is composed of two introns (8.8 and 11.5 kilobase pairs long) and three exons (84, 662, and 965 base pairs long). The second exon correlates with a functional subdomain of the protein, as shown by comparison with the yeast phosphoglycerate mutase structure. The sequence TAGAAAA was found 30 bases upstream from the transcription initiation site and could be analogous to the TATA box. A sequence homologous to the CCAAT box was found twice, at positions -75 and -178. There is no GC-rich sequence or GC box in the 5'-flanking region of the gene. Northern blot analysis indicates that the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase mRNA is detected mainly in erythroid tissues and cell lines, although it is also present in low amounts in a nonerythroid tissue. A comparison of the 5'-upstream sequences with other promoters active only in erythroid cells did not reveal any common signal that could be responsible for the "erythroid promoter."