UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Hommes, et Environnements, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda.
VetAgroSup Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Nov 15;598:647-656. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.113. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
Prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors can affect development and induce irreversible abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. The northern part of Kibale National Park, a mid-altitude rainforest in western Uganda, is largely surrounded by industrial tea plantations and wildlife using this area (Sebitoli) must cope with proximity to human populations and their activities. The chimpanzees and baboons in this area raid crops (primarily maize) in neighboring gardens. Sixteen young individuals of the 66 chimpanzees monitored (25%) exhibit abnormalities including reduced nostrils, cleft lip, limb deformities, reproductive problems and hypopigmentation. Each pathology could have a congenital component, potentially exacerbated by environmental factors. In addition, at least six of 35 photographed baboons from a Sebitoli troop (17%) have similar severe nasal deformities. Our inquiries in villages and tea factories near Sebitoli revealed use of eight pesticides (glyphosate, cypermethrin, profenofos, mancozeb, metalaxyl, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and 2,4-D amine). Chemical analysis of samples collected from 2014 to 2016 showed that mean levels of pesticides in fresh maize stems and seeds, soils, and river sediments in the vicinity of the chimpanzee territory exceed recommended limits. Notably, excess levels were found for total DDT and its metabolite pp'-DDE and for chlorpyrifos in fresh maize seeds and in fish from Sebitoli. Imidacloprid was detected in coated maize seeds planted at the edge the forest and in fish samples from the Sebitoli area, while no pesticides were detected in fish from central park areas. Since some of these pesticides are thyroid hormone disruptors, we postulate that excessive pesticide use in the Sebitoli area may contribute to facial dysplasia in chimpanzees and baboons through this endocrine pathway. Chimpanzees are considered as endangered by IUCN and besides their intrinsic value and status as closely related to humans, they have major economic value in Uganda via ecotourism. Identifying and limiting potential threats to their survival such be a conservation priority.
产前暴露于环境内分泌干扰物会影响人类和野生动物的发育，并导致不可逆转的异常。乌干达西部中海拔雨林基巴莱国家公园的北部地区大部分被工业茶园环绕，野生动物（Sebitoli）必须应对与人类及其活动的接近。该地区的黑猩猩和狒狒会袭击附近花园的庄稼（主要是玉米）。在监测的 66 只黑猩猩中，有 16 只（25%）表现出异常，包括鼻孔缩小、唇裂、肢体畸形、生殖问题和色素减退。每种病理学都可能有先天成分，可能会因环境因素而加剧。此外，在 Sebitoli 部队的 35 只狒狒中，至少有 6 只（17%）有类似的严重鼻畸形。我们在 Sebitoli 附近的村庄和茶叶厂进行的调查显示，使用了八种农药（草甘膦、氯菊酯、丙溴磷、代森锰锌、甲霜灵、乐果、毒死蜱和 2,4-D 胺）。对 2014 年至 2016 年采集的样本进行的化学分析显示，在黑猩猩领地附近的新鲜玉米茎和种子、土壤和河流沉积物中的农药平均水平超过了建议的限制。值得注意的是，在新鲜玉米种子和 Sebitoli 的鱼中发现了总滴滴涕及其代谢物 pp'-DDE 和毒死蜱的过量水平。在森林边缘种植的包衣玉米种子和 Sebitoli 地区的鱼类样本中检测到氯吡虫啉，而在公园中心地区的鱼类样本中未检测到农药。由于其中一些农药是甲状腺激素干扰物，我们假设 Sebitoli 地区过度使用农药可能会通过这种内分泌途径导致黑猩猩和狒狒的面部发育不良。黑猩猩被 IUCN 认为是濒危物种，除了它们内在的价值和与人类的密切关系外，它们在乌干达的生态旅游中也具有重要的经济价值。确定并限制对它们生存的潜在威胁应该是保护的优先事项。
