Vongas John G, Al Hajj Raghid
Ithaca College, School of Business, Department of Management, 953 Danby Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
Concordia University, John Molson School of Business, Department of Management, 1455 De Maisonneuve West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada.
Horm Behav. 2017 Jun;92:57-71. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.04.005. Epub 2017 May 2.
A contribution to a special issue on Hormones and Human Competition. We investigated the effects of competition on men's testosterone levels and assessed whether androgen reactivity was associated with subsequent emotion recognition and reactive and proactive aggression. We also explored whether personalized power (p Power) moderated these relationships. In Study 1, 84 males competed on a number tracing task and interpreted emotions from facial expressions. In Study 2, 72 males competed on the same task and were assessed on proactive and reactive aggression. In both studies, contrary to the biosocial model of status (Mazur, 1985), winners' testosterone levels decreased significantly while losers' levels increased, albeit not significantly. Personalized power moderated the effect of competition outcome on testosterone change in both studies. Using the aggregate sample, we found that the effect of decreased testosterone levels among winners (compared to losers) was significant for individuals low in p Power but not for those with medium or high p Power. Testosterone change was positively related to emotion recognition, but unrelated to either aggression subtype. The testosterone-mediated relationship between winning and losing and emotion recognition was moderated by p Power. In addition, p Power moderated the direct (i.e., non-testosterone mediated) path between competition outcome and emotion recognition and both types of aggression: high p-Power winners were more accurate at deciphering others' emotions than high p-Power losers. Finally, among high p-Power men, winners aggressed more proactively than losers, whereas losers aggressed more reactively than winners. Collectively, these studies highlight the importance of implicit power motivation in modulating hormonal, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes arising from human competition.
对一期关于“激素与人类竞争”特刊的贡献。我们研究了竞争对男性睾酮水平的影响，并评估雄激素反应性是否与随后的情绪识别以及反应性和主动性攻击行为相关。我们还探讨了个性化权力（p权力）是否调节了这些关系。在研究1中，84名男性参与了数字追踪任务，并对面部表情进行情绪解读。在研究2中，72名男性参与了相同任务，并接受了主动性和反应性攻击行为的评估。在两项研究中，与地位的生物社会模型（马祖尔，1985年）相反，获胜者的睾酮水平显著下降，而失败者的睾酮水平虽有上升但不显著。在两项研究中，个性化权力都调节了竞争结果对睾酮变化的影响。使用总体样本，我们发现，获胜者（与失败者相比）睾酮水平下降的影响在低p权力个体中显著，但在中等或高p权力个体中不显著。睾酮变化与情绪识别呈正相关，但与任何一种攻击行为亚型均无关。睾酮介导的输赢与情绪识别之间的关系受到p权力的调节。此外，p权力调节了竞争结果与情绪识别以及两种攻击行为类型之间的直接（即非睾酮介导）路径：高p权力的获胜者比高p权力的失败者在解读他人情绪方面更准确。最后，在高p权力男性中，获胜者比失败者更主动地攻击，而失败者比获胜者更具反应性地攻击。总体而言，这些研究强调了隐性权力动机在调节人类竞争产生的激素、认知和行为结果方面的重要性。
