Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia; University of the Free State, Department of Agricultural Economics, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 1;599-600:14-19. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.176. Epub 2017 Apr 29.
ISO14046 sets out principles, requirements and guidelines for the quantification of a water footprint taking a life cycle perspective. The international standard is intended to support product water footprint labeling and corporate sustainability reporting. However, the document is not prescriptive in regard to the use of any one specific water footprint indicator. In this study, water scarcity footprints were calculated for milk production on 75 farms in three parts of south-eastern Australia. Three indicators, with distinctly different conceptual basis and model structure, were applied. Included was the AWARE indicator recently developed under the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. The different indicator results were highly correlated (Spearman's rank correlation 0.91-0.99) and the life cycle stages and processes identified as important were the same. Therefore, all three indicators were considered suitable for informing internal strategic action. However, the different indicators produced results which differed greatly in absolute value, in some cases by a factor of >300. To enable consumers and others to make comparisons between the water scarcity footprints of different products or organisations, program (or scheme) operators will need to specify the indicator to be used. The three indicators were assessed according to scaling, interpretability and coherence with LCA results, and found to differ in terms of suitability for use in a water footprint program. The AWARE indicator was deemed to be least suitable.
ISO14046 规定了从生命周期角度量化水资源足迹的原则、要求和指南。该国际标准旨在支持产品水资源足迹标签和企业可持续性报告。然而，该文件并未规定使用任何特定的水资源足迹指标。本研究对澳大利亚东南部三个地区的 75 个农场的牛奶生产进行了水资源稀缺足迹计算。应用了三个具有明显不同概念基础和模型结构的指标，包括最近在环境署-SETAC 生命周期倡议下开发的 AWARE 指标。不同指标的结果高度相关（Spearman 秩相关系数为 0.91-0.99），并且确定的生命周期阶段和过程是相同的。因此，所有三个指标都被认为适合为内部战略行动提供信息。然而，不同的指标产生的结果在绝对值上有很大的差异，在某些情况下相差>300 倍。为了使消费者和其他方能够比较不同产品或组织的水资源稀缺足迹，计划（或方案）运营商将需要指定要使用的指标。根据比例、可解释性和与生命周期评估结果的一致性，对这三个指标进行了评估，发现它们在用于水资源足迹计划方面的适用性存在差异。AWARE 指标被认为是最不适合的。
