Zernig Gerald, Hiemke Christoph
Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Pharmacology. 2017;100(1-2):50-63. doi: 10.1159/000475600. Epub 2017 May 4.
The development of societies and cultures arguably is based on the ability of human primates to form hierarchies in which some individuals acquire and wield power, that is, control resources and influence and control the behavior of their conspecifics. In the following, we focus on the type of human primate power wielding that (a) harms and (b) produces excessive negative emotions in (1) the victim(s) of the power wielder and (2) the power wielder her/himself. If such a harmful behavior of the power wielder is not accompanied by an ethically justifiable benefit for the involved human primate groups, it can be considered "power abuse." We propose to term the associated behaviors, cognitions, and emotions of the power wielder as "power abuse disorder" (PAD). This behavior results from what we consider addictive behavior of the power abuse disordered (PADed) power wielder. PAD can be diagnosed on the basis of the World Health Organization's criteria for "dependence syndrome" as listed in the International Classification of Diseases version 10. We will demonstrate that many PADed individuals may very likely carry the Zeitgeist diagnosis "burnout." This article reviews the current understanding of the neural correlates of PAD and suggests future research. Based on the available evidence, PAD seems to be associated with a dysfunction of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, rendering PADed individuals vulnerable for psychostimulant abuse/dependence, and suggesting specific pharmacotherapeutic approaches to treat PAD.
可以说，社会和文化的发展基于人类灵长类动物形成等级制度的能力，在这种等级制度中，一些个体获取并行使权力，即控制资源、施加影响并控制同种个体的行为。在下文中，我们将关注人类灵长类动物行使权力的一种类型，这种权力行使会（a）伤害并（b）在（1）权力行使者的受害者以及（2）权力行使者自身身上产生过度的负面情绪。如果权力行使者的这种有害行为没有为所涉及的人类灵长类群体带来符合道德的正当利益，那么它就可以被视为“权力滥用”。我们提议将权力行使者相关的行为、认知和情绪称为“权力滥用障碍”（PAD）。这种行为源于我们所认为的患有权力滥用障碍（PADed）的权力行使者的成瘾行为。PAD可以根据世界卫生组织在《国际疾病分类第10版》中列出的“依赖综合征”标准进行诊断。我们将证明，许多患有PAD的个体很可能符合“职业倦怠”这一时代精神诊断。本文回顾了目前对PAD神经关联的理解，并提出了未来的研究方向。基于现有证据，PAD似乎与中脑边缘多巴胺系统功能失调有关，这使得患有PAD的个体容易滥用精神兴奋剂或产生依赖，并提示了治疗PAD的特定药物治疗方法。
