Ballantyne B
Applied Toxicology Department, Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut 06817.
J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1988;26(5-6):325-35. doi: 10.1080/15563658809167097.
Studies were conducted to assess potential handling hazards from the pesticidal use of HCN-liberating "cyanide fumigation powders". Simulations were conducted in enclosed chambers on the release of HCN vapor from wetted powder containing 40% NaCN/60% kaolin at application rates of 1 g powder/m3 of space (usual rate) and 5 g/m3 (overuse condition). With the overuse situation, HCN vapor concentrations may be rapidly attained that produce serious or lethal toxicity; with the lower application rate minor signs and symptoms of HCN vapor exposure toxicity may develop. The acute peroral LD50 (rat and rabbit) of fumigant formulation is reduced in proportion to the kaolin content, but kaolin does not modify the inherent toxicity of NaCN. A typical cyanide hazard exists from swallowing cyanide fumigant powder formulations. Lethal systemic toxicity was produced by contamination of the eye (rabbit) with powder formulation, which also caused a rapid onset of moderately severe conjunctivitis and keratitis. Applied to dry intact skin (rabbit) neither NaCN nor its kaolin formulation produced systemic toxicity. However, on moistened intact skin lethal amounts of cyanide were absorbed; but the kaolin content reduced the hazard in comparison with NaCN-alone applied to moist skin. With abraded dry skin there was no difference in lethal toxicity between NaCN-alone and its formulation; also, the toxicity of the formulation on abraded skin was three times that on intact moist skin. These finds indicate that the use of cyanide fumigant powder formulations may be hazardous by contact of powder with moist or abraded skin, contamination of the eye, swallowing, and inhalation of evolved HCN. There is a clear need for respiratory, cutaneous, and ocular protection when handling cyanide fumigant powder formulations.
开展了多项研究，以评估使用释放氰化氢的“氰化物熏蒸粉剂”进行农药处理时的潜在操作危害。在封闭舱室中进行了模拟实验，以研究含40%氰化钠/60%高岭土的湿粉剂在1克粉剂/立方米空间（常用剂量）和5克/立方米（过度使用情况）的施用量下释放氰化氢蒸汽的情况。在过度使用的情况下，氰化氢蒸汽浓度可能会迅速达到产生严重或致命毒性的水平；在较低施用量时，可能会出现氰化氢蒸汽接触毒性的轻微体征和症状。熏蒸剂配方的急性经口半数致死剂量（大鼠和兔子）与高岭土含量成比例降低，但高岭土不会改变氰化钠的固有毒性。吞食氰化物熏蒸粉剂配方会存在典型的氰化物危害。粉剂配方污染眼睛（兔子）会产生致命的全身毒性，还会迅速引发中度严重的结膜炎和角膜炎。将氰化钠及其高岭土配方施用于干燥完整皮肤（兔子）时，均未产生全身毒性。然而，施用于湿润完整皮肤时，会吸收致死量的氰化物；但与单独将氰化钠施用于湿润皮肤相比之下，高岭土含量降低了危害。对于磨损的干燥皮肤，单独的氰化钠与其配方之间的致死毒性没有差异；此外，该配方在磨损皮肤上的毒性是在完整湿润皮肤上的三倍。这些发现表明，氰化物熏蒸粉剂配方的使用可能因粉剂与湿润或磨损皮肤接触、眼睛污染、吞食以及吸入释放出的氰化氢而具有危险性。在处理氰化物熏蒸粉剂配方时，显然需要进行呼吸道、皮肤和眼部防护。
