Duménieu Maël, Oulé Marie, Kreutz Michael R, Lopez-Rojas Jeffrey
Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany.
Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function", University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)Hamburg, Germany.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Apr 24;11:115. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00115. eCollection 2017.
Neurons are highly polarized cells with apparent functional and morphological differences between dendrites and axon. A critical determinant for the molecular and functional identity of axonal and dendritic segments is the restricted expression of voltage-gated ion channels (VGCs). Several studies show an uneven distribution of ion channels and their differential regulation within dendrites and axons, which is a prerequisite for an appropriate integration of synaptic inputs and the generation of adequate action potential (AP) firing patterns. This review article will focus on the signaling pathways leading to segmented expression of voltage-gated potassium and sodium ion channels at the neuronal plasma membrane and the regulatory mechanisms ensuring segregated functions. We will also discuss the relevance of proper ion channel targeting for neuronal physiology and how alterations in polarized distribution contribute to neuronal pathology.
神经元是高度极化的细胞，其树突和轴突在功能和形态上存在明显差异。电压门控离子通道（VGCs）的限制性表达是轴突和树突段分子和功能特性的关键决定因素。多项研究表明，离子通道在树突和轴突内分布不均且调控方式不同，这是突触输入适当整合以及产生适当动作电位（AP）发放模式的前提条件。这篇综述文章将聚焦于导致神经元质膜上电压门控钾离子和钠离子通道分段表达的信号通路，以及确保其功能分离的调控机制。我们还将讨论离子通道正确靶向对于神经元生理学的相关性，以及极化分布的改变如何导致神经元病理学变化。
