Pii Youry, Zamboni Anita, Dal Santo Silvia, Pezzotti Mario, Varanini Zeno, Pandolfini Tiziana
Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-BolzanoBolzano, Italy.
Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy.
Front Plant Sci. 2017 Apr 24;8:640. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00640. eCollection 2017.
The determination of food geographical origin has been an important subject of study over the past decade, with an increasing number of analytical techniques being developed to determine the provenance of agricultural products. Agricultural soils can differ for the composition and the relative quantities of mineral nutrients and trace elements whose bioavailability depends on soil properties. Therefore, the ionome of fruits, vegetables and derived products can reflect the mineral composition of the growth substrate. Multi-elemental analysis has been successfully applied to trace the provenance of wines from different countries or different wine-producing regions. However, winemaking process and environmental and cultural conditions may affect a geographical fingerprint. In this article, we discuss the possibility of applying ionomics in wines classification on a local scale and also by exploiting grape berry analyses. In this regard, we present the ionomic profile of grapevine berries grown within an area of approximately 300 km and the subsequent application of chemometric methods for the assignment of their geographical origin. The best discrimination was obtained by using a dataset composed only of rare earth elements. Considering the experiences reported in the literature and our results, we concluded that sample representativeness and the application of a preliminary Principal Component Analysis, as pattern recognition techniques, might represent two necessary starting points for the geographical determination of the geographical origin of grape berries; therefore, on the basis of these observations we also include some recommendations to be considered for future application of these techniques for grape and wines classification.
在过去十年中，食品地理来源的确定一直是一个重要的研究课题，越来越多的分析技术被开发出来用于确定农产品的来源。农业土壤在矿质养分和微量元素的组成及相对含量方面可能存在差异，其生物有效性取决于土壤性质。因此，水果、蔬菜及其衍生产品的离子组可以反映生长基质的矿物质组成。多元素分析已成功应用于追溯不同国家或不同葡萄酒产区葡萄酒的来源。然而，酿酒过程以及环境和文化条件可能会影响地理指纹。在本文中，我们讨论了在局部尺度上以及通过利用葡萄浆果分析将离子组学应用于葡萄酒分类的可能性。在这方面，我们展示了在大约300公里区域内种植的葡萄浆果的离子组概况，以及随后应用化学计量学方法来确定其地理来源。使用仅由稀土元素组成的数据集获得了最佳的区分效果。考虑到文献中报道的经验和我们的结果，我们得出结论，样本代表性以及作为模式识别技术的初步主成分分析的应用，可能是葡萄浆果地理来源地理确定的两个必要起点；因此，基于这些观察结果，我们还包括了一些在未来将这些技术应用于葡萄和葡萄酒分类时应考虑的建议。
