Chapman Hanah A, Lee Daniel H, Susskind Joshua M, Bartlett Marni S, Anderson Adam K
Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, CUNY 2900 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
Institute of Cognitive Science, UCB 344, MUEN PSYCH Building D414 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
Chem Senses. 2017 Jul 1;42(6):457-463. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjx024.
Distaste is a primitive rejection impulse triggered by the ingestion of unpleasant tasting substances, many of which are toxic. Theoretical work has suggested that distaste may be the evolutionary precursor for both physical disgust, which serves to defend against disease and other threats to biological fitness, and moral disgust, which defends against threats to the social order. Consistent with this proposal, recent work has found that the facial expression of distaste may be similar to that of disgust. Specifically, raising of the upper lip has been reported in distaste, physical disgust, and moral disgust. However, competing evidence suggests that distaste and disgust expressions may differ, and the facial expressions of adult humans in response to distasteful stimuli remain poorly specified. To address this issue, we conducted a preliminary experiment to investigate the upper lip raise in adult volunteers (N = 15) as they tasted unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral liquids. We found increased raising of the upper lip for bitter and salty tastes relative to water and sweet, suggesting that the upper lip raise is indeed part of the distaste expression. Given evidence that the upper lip raise is also present in physical and moral disgust, these results are consistent with the proposed origins of disgust in distaste.
嫌恶是一种原始的排斥冲动，由摄入味道不佳的物质引发，其中许多物质是有毒的。理论研究表明，嫌恶可能是生理厌恶和道德厌恶的进化前身，生理厌恶用于抵御疾病和其他对生物适应性的威胁，道德厌恶则用于抵御对社会秩序的威胁。与这一观点一致的是，最近的研究发现嫌恶的面部表情可能与厌恶的面部表情相似。具体而言，上唇上抬已被报道出现在嫌恶、生理厌恶和道德厌恶中。然而，相互矛盾的证据表明嫌恶和厌恶的表情可能存在差异，而且成年人对令人不快的刺激做出反应时的面部表情仍未得到明确界定。为了解决这个问题，我们进行了一项初步实验，以研究15名成年志愿者在品尝令人不快、令人愉悦和中性液体时上唇上抬的情况。我们发现，与水和甜味相比，苦味和咸味会使上唇上抬增加，这表明上唇上抬确实是嫌恶表情的一部分。鉴于有证据表明上唇上抬也出现在生理厌恶和道德厌恶中，这些结果与厌恶起源于嫌恶的观点一致。
