Complex binding pathways determine the regeneration of mammalian green cone opsin with a locked retinal analogue.

Phototransduction is initiated when the absorption of light converts the 11--retinal chromophore to its all- configuration in both rod and cone vertebrate photoreceptors. To sustain vision, 11--retinal is continuously regenerated from its all- conformation through a series of enzymatic steps comprising the "visual or retinoid" cycle. Abnormalities in this cycle can compromise vision because of the diminished supply of 11--retinal and the accumulation of toxic, constitutively active opsin. As shown previously for rod cells, attenuation of constitutively active opsin can be achieved with the unbleachable analogue, 11--6-membered ring (11--6mr)-retinal, which has therapeutic effects against certain degenerative retinal diseases. However, to discern the molecular mechanisms responsible for this action, pigment regeneration with this locked retinal analogue requires delineation also in cone cells. Here, we compared the regenerative properties of rod and green cone opsins with 11--6mr-retinal and demonstrated that this retinal analogue could regenerate rod pigment but not green cone pigment. Based on structural modeling suggesting that Pro-205 in green cone opsin could prevent entry and binding of 11--6mr-retinal, we initially mutated this residue to Ile, the corresponding residue in rhodopsin. However, this substitution did not enable green cone opsin to regenerate with 11--6mr-retinal. Interestingly, deletion of 16 N-terminal amino acids in green cone opsin partially restored the binding of 11--6mr-retinal. These results and our structural modeling indicate that a more complex binding pathway determines the regeneration of mammalian green cone opsin with chromophore analogues such as 11--6mr-retinal.