Rellegadla Sandeep, Prajapat Ganshyam, Agrawal Akhil
Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017 Jun;101(11):4387-4402. doi: 10.1007/s00253-017-8307-4. Epub 2017 May 13.
With a rising population, the demand for energy has increased over the years. As per the projections, both fossil fuel and renewables will remain as major energy source (678 quadrillion BTU) till 2030 with fossil fuel contributing 78% of total energy consumption. Hence, attempts are continuously made to make fossil fuel production more sustainable and cheaper. From the past 40 years, polymer flooding has been carried out in marginal oil fields and have proved to be successful in many cases. The common expectation from polymer flooding is to obtain 50% ultimate recovery with 15 to 20% incremental recovery over secondary water flooding. Both naturally derived polymers like xanthan gum and synthetic polymers like partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) have been used for this purpose. Earlier laboratory and field trials revealed that salinity and temperature are the major issues with the synthetic polymers that lead to polymer degradation and adsorption on the rock surface. Microbial degradation and concentration are major issues with naturally derived polymers leading to loss of viscosity and pore throat plugging. Earlier studies also revealed that polymer flooding is successful in the fields where oil viscosity is quite higher (up to 126 cp) than injection water due to improvement in mobility ratio during polymer flooding. The largest successful polymer flood was reported in China in 1990 where both synthetic and naturally derived polymers were used in nearly 20 projects. The implementation of these projects provides valuable suggestions for further improving the available processes in future. This paper examines the selection criteria of polymer, field characteristics that support polymer floods and recommendation to design a large producing polymer flooding.
随着人口的增长，多年来能源需求不断增加。根据预测，到2030年，化石燃料和可再生能源仍将是主要能源（678万亿英热单位），其中化石燃料占总能源消耗的78%。因此，人们不断努力使化石燃料生产更具可持续性且成本更低。在过去40年里，聚合物驱油已在边际油田实施，并在许多情况下证明是成功的。聚合物驱油的普遍期望是实现50%的最终采收率，比二次水驱提高15%至20%的采收率。天然衍生聚合物如黄原胶和合成聚合物如部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）都已用于此目的。早期的实验室和现场试验表明，盐度和温度是合成聚合物的主要问题，会导致聚合物降解和在岩石表面吸附。微生物降解和浓度是天然衍生聚合物的主要问题，会导致粘度损失和孔喉堵塞。早期研究还表明，由于聚合物驱油过程中流度比的改善，聚合物驱油在油粘度比注入水高得多（高达126厘泊）的油田中是成功的。1990年中国报道了最大规模的成功聚合物驱油，在近20个项目中使用了合成聚合物和天然衍生聚合物。这些项目的实施为未来进一步改进现有工艺提供了宝贵建议。本文研究了聚合物的选择标准、支持聚合物驱油的油藏特征以及设计大规模聚合物驱油的建议。
