European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Italy; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Department of Geography, Munich, Germany.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 1;599-600:992-1012. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.236. Epub 2017 May 11.
Sediment management is of prior concern in the Danube Basin for provision of economic and environmental services. This study aimed at assessing current (1995-2009) sediment fluxes of the Danube Basin with SWAT model and identifying sediment budget knowledge gaps. After hydrologic calibration, hillslope gross erosion and sediment yields were broadly calibrated using ancillary data (measurements in plots and small catchments, and national and European erosion maps). Mean annual sediment concentrations (SSC) from 269 gauging stations (2968 station-year entries; median 19mg/L, interquartile range IQR 10-36mg/L) were used for calibrating in-stream sediments. SSC residuals (simulations-observations) median was 2mg/L (IQR -14; +22mg/L). In the validation dataset (172 gauging stations; 1457 data-entries, median 17mg/L, IQR 10-28), median residual was 9mg/L (IQR -9; +39mg/L). Percent bias in an independent dataset of annual sediment yields (SSY; 689 data-entries in 95 stations; median 52t/km/y, IQR 20-151t/km/y) was -21.5%. Overall, basin-wide model performance was considered satisfactory. Sediment fluxes appeared overestimated in some regions (Sava and Velika Morava), and underestimated in others (Siret-Prut and Romanian Danube), but unbiased elsewhere. According to the model, most sediments were generated by hillslope erosion. Streambank degradation contributed about 5% of sediments, and appeared important in high stream power Alpine reaches. Sediment trapping in reservoirs and floodplain deposition was probably underestimated and counterbalanced by high stream deposition. Factor analysis showed that model underestimations were correlated to Alpine and karst areas, whereas underestimations occurred in high seismicity areas of the Lower Danube. Contemporary sediment fluxes were about one third of values reported for the 1980s for several tributaries of the Middle and Lower Danube. Knowledge gaps affecting the sediment budget were identified in the contributions of some erosion processes (glacier erosion, gully erosion and mass movements), and in-stream sediment dynamics.
泥沙管理是多瑙河流域优先关注的问题，关系到经济和环境服务。本研究旨在利用 SWAT 模型评估当前（1995-2009 年）多瑙河流域的泥沙通量，并识别泥沙预算知识空白。在水文校准后，使用辅助数据（在测站和小流域进行的测量以及国家和欧洲侵蚀图）广泛校准了坡地总侵蚀和泥沙产量。来自 269 个测量站的年均泥沙浓度（SSC）（2968 个站年记录；中位数 19mg/L，四分位距 IQR 10-36mg/L）用于校准河流泥沙。SSC 残差（模拟-观测）的中位数为 2mg/L（IQR -14；+22mg/L）。在验证数据集（172 个测量站；1457 个数据记录，中位数 17mg/L，IQR 10-28）中，中位数残差为 9mg/L（IQR -9；+39mg/L）。独立的年泥沙产量数据集（SSY；95 个站的 689 个数据记录；中位数 52t/km/y，IQR 20-151t/km/y）的百分偏差为-21.5%。总体而言，流域范围模型性能被认为是令人满意的。在一些地区（萨瓦河和大摩拉瓦河），泥沙通量似乎被高估，而在其他地区（西雷特-普鲁特河和罗马尼亚多瑙河）则被低估，但在其他地区没有偏差。根据模型，大部分泥沙是由坡地侵蚀产生的。河岸退化贡献了约 5%的泥沙，在高水流动力的阿尔卑斯山区显得很重要。水库泥沙截留和洪泛区沉积可能被低估，而高水流沉积则起到了平衡作用。因子分析表明，模型的低估与阿尔卑斯山和喀斯特地区有关，而在多瑙河下游高地震区则出现了低估。与 20 世纪 80 年代相比，多瑙河流域一些中、下游支流的当代泥沙通量减少了约三分之一。一些侵蚀过程（冰川侵蚀、沟壑侵蚀和山体滑坡）和河流泥沙动态的知识空白影响了泥沙预算。
