Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Jun;76(6):1027-1042. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.11.012.
The use of neuromodulators for therapeutic and cosmetic indications has proven to be remarkably safe. While aesthetic and functional adverse events are uncommon, each anatomic region has its own set of risks of which the physician and patient must be aware before treatment. The therapeutic usages of botulinum toxins now include multiple specialties and multiple indications. New aesthetic indications have also developed, and there has been an increased utilization of combination therapies to combat the effects of global aging. In the second article in this continuing medical education series, we review the prevention and treatment of adverse events, therapeutic and novel aesthetic indications, controversies, and a brief overview of combination therapies.
神经调节剂在治疗和美容适应症方面的应用已被证明是非常安全的。虽然美容和功能不良事件并不常见，但每个解剖区域都有其自身的一系列风险，医生和患者在治疗前必须了解这些风险。肉毒毒素的治疗用途现在包括多个专业和多个适应症。新的美容适应症也得到了发展，并且越来越多地使用联合疗法来对抗全球老龄化的影响。在本继续医学教育系列的第二篇文章中，我们回顾了预防和治疗不良事件、治疗和新型美容适应症、争议以及联合疗法的简要概述。
