Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2017 Aug;1861(8):1929-1942. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.013. Epub 2017 May 17.
Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disease. Dysfunction and subsequent loss of the β-cells in the islets of Langerhans through apoptosis ultimately cause a life-threatening insulin deficiency. The underlying reason for the particular vulnerability of the β-cells is an extraordinary sensitivity to the toxicity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) due to its low antioxidative defense status.
This review considers the different aspects of the chemistry and biology of the biologically most important reactive species and their chemico-biological interactions in the β-cell toxicity of proinflammatory cytokines in type 1 diabetes and of lipotoxicity in type 2 diabetes development.
The weak antioxidative defense equipment in the different subcellular organelles makes the β-cells particularly vulnerable and prone to mitochondrial, peroxisomal and ER stress. Looking upon the enzyme deficiencies which are responsible for the low antioxidative defense status of the pancreatic β-cells it is the lack of enzymatic capacity for HO inactivation at all major subcellular sites.
Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disorder with a steadily increasing incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes worldwide. The weak protection of the pancreatic β-cells against oxidative stress is a major reason for their particular vulnerability. Thus, careful protection of the β-cells is required for prevention of the disease.
糖尿病是一种严重的代谢性疾病。通过细胞凋亡，胰岛中β细胞的功能障碍和随后的丧失最终导致危及生命的胰岛素缺乏。β细胞特别容易受到活性氧和氮物种（ROS 和 RNS）毒性影响的根本原因是由于其抗氧化防御状态较低，导致其对毒性具有非凡的敏感性。
本篇综述考虑了在 1 型糖尿病的促炎细胞因子和 2 型糖尿病发展的脂毒性的β细胞毒性中，生物上最重要的活性物质的化学和生物学的不同方面，以及它们的化学 - 生物学相互作用。
不同亚细胞器中的抗氧化防御设备薄弱，使β细胞特别容易受到线粒体、过氧化物酶体和内质网应激的影响。考虑到导致胰腺β细胞抗氧化防御状态低下的酶缺乏，缺乏 HO 在所有主要亚细胞部位失活的酶能力。
糖尿病是最常见的代谢紊乱疾病，全球 1 型和 2 型糖尿病的发病率都在稳步上升。β细胞对氧化应激的保护薄弱是其特别脆弱的一个主要原因。因此，需要小心保护β细胞以预防疾病。
