Groffen Thimo, Lopez-Antia Ana, D'Hollander Wendy, Prinsen Els, Eens Marcel, Bervoets Lieven
Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Environ Pollut. 2017 Sep;228:140-148. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.007. Epub 2017 May 18.
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are highly persistent substances which have been detected in wildlife around the world, including birds. Although bird eggs have often been used to determine and monitor PFAAs levels in the marine environment, this has rarely been done in the terrestrial environment. In the present study we examined the concentrations and composition profile of 12 PFAAs (4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and 8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the eggs of great tits (Parus major) collected at a fluorochemical plant and in three other areas, representing a gradient in distance from the pollution source (from 1 to 70 km), in Antwerp, Belgium. The PFSA concentrations measured at the site of the fluorochemical plant were among the highest ever reported in eggs with median concentrations of 10380 ng/g (extrapolated), 99.3 ng/g and 47.7 ng/g for PFOS, PFHxS and PFDS respectively. Furthermore, the median concentration of 19.8 ng/g for PFOA was also among the highest ever reported in bird eggs. Although these concentrations decreased sharply with distance from the fluorochemical plant, levels found in the adjacent sites were still high compared to what has been reported in literature. Moreover, based on what is known in literature, it is likely that these concentrations may cause toxicological effects. PFOS was the dominant contributor to the PFSA and PFAAs (63.4-97.6%) profile at each site, whereas for PFCAs this was PFOA at the plant site and the nearest locations (41.0-52.8%) but PFDoA (37.7%) at the farthest location. Although there is some evidence that PFAAs concentrations close to the plant site are decreasing in comparison with earlier measurements, which may be due to the phase out of PFOS, more research is necessary to understand the extent of the toxicological effects in the vicinity of this PFAAs hotspot.
全氟烷基酸（PFAAs）是一类具有高度持久性的物质，已在包括鸟类在内的世界各地野生动物体内被检测到。虽然鸟蛋常被用于测定和监测海洋环境中的全氟烷基酸水平，但在陆地环境中却很少这样做。在本研究中，我们检测了在比利时安特卫普一家氟化工厂以及其他三个区域采集的大山雀（Parus major）鸟蛋中12种全氟烷基酸（4种全氟烷基磺酸（PFSAs）和8种全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs））的浓度和组成概况，这三个区域代表了距污染源（1至70公里）的梯度距离。在氟化工厂所在地测得的全氟烷基磺酸浓度是鸟蛋中报道过的最高浓度之一，全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）和全氟癸烷磺酸（PFDS）的中位数浓度分别为10380纳克/克（外推值）、99.3纳克/克和47.7纳克/克。此外，全氟辛酸（PFOA）19.8纳克/克的中位数浓度也是鸟蛋中报道过的最高浓度之一。虽然这些浓度随着与氟化工厂距离的增加而急剧下降，但与文献报道相比，相邻地点的浓度仍然很高。此外，根据文献所知，这些浓度可能会产生毒理学效应。在每个地点，全氟辛烷磺酸是全氟烷基磺酸和全氟烷基酸（63.4 - 97.6%）组成概况的主要贡献者，而对于全氟烷基羧酸，在工厂所在地和最近的地点是全氟辛酸（41.0 - 52.8%），但在最远处是全氟十二烷酸（PFDoA，37.7%）。虽然有证据表明，与早期测量相比，工厂所在地附近的全氟烷基酸浓度正在下降，这可能是由于全氟辛烷磺酸的逐步淘汰，但仍需要更多研究来了解这个全氟烷基酸热点地区附近毒理学效应的程度。
