Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Theriogenology. 2017 Jul 1;96:10-15. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.03.021. Epub 2017 Mar 23.
The safety of an anesthetic protocol consisting of medetomidine hydrochloride (7 μg/kg iv) as premedicant, propofol, (1-2 mg/kg iv) as induction agent and sevoflurane, at 2% in oxygen for maintenance of anesthesia was studied in 292 cesarean sections (CSs) and 2232 puppies delivered. Medetomidine effects were reversed using atipamezole hydrochloride at 50 μg/puppy sc immediately following delivery and in the bitch iv immediately following surgery. The protocol's safety for puppies was expressed using survival immediately, 2 h and 7 d after delivery, and Apgar scores (measurement starting 15 min after delivery of the last puppy). The maternal survival rate was established immediately, 2 h and 7 d after cesarean section (CS). The CSs included 148 on Boerboel, 84 on English bulldog and 60 on other purebred bitches, which resulted in 1378, 541 and 313 puppies, respectively. Boerboel, English bulldog and other purebred bitches yielded 97.39%, 96.67% and 91.69% live puppies at delivery, 95.43%, 88.35% and 89.78% alive by 2 h and 89.19%, 79.11% and 84.03% alive by 7 d. Sixteen (1.16%), 32 (5.59%) and 4 (1.28%) malformed Boerboel, English bulldog and other purebred puppies were euthanized. Thirty five, 18 and 26, Boerboel, English bulldog and other purebred puppies were stillborn respectively, of which 12, 9 and 15, respectively had been discovered dead upon ultrasound examination immediately before CS. After correction for fetuses found dead on ultrasound examination and malformed euthanized puppies, 98.21%, 95.60% and 94.30% of Boerboel, English bulldog and other purebred puppies survived until 2 h and 91.78%, 87.17% and 88.26% until 7 d. Two-hour survival rates are negatively correlated to the proportion of puppies in a litter with scores of 8 or below (r = 0.14, P = 0.01, n = 292 litters) and tends to be positively correlated to the lowest Apgar score in a litter (r = 0.11, P = 0.05, n = 292 litters). This study shows that medetomidine hydrochloride in the protocol used is a safe premedicant in bitches prior to cesarean section and is associated with good puppy vigor as well as 2 h and 7 d puppy survival rates. The use of medetomidine as premedicant permitted use of less than half the dose of propofol usually required as induction agent.
该麻醉方案由盐酸美托咪定（7μg/kg iv）作为预给药，异丙酚（1-2mg/kg iv）作为诱导剂，七氟醚（2%氧气）维持麻醉，已在 292 例剖宫产和 2232 只幼犬中进行了安全性研究。幼犬在分娩后立即使用盐酸阿替美唑（50μg/只皮下注射）和母犬在手术后立即使用（静脉注射）进行美托咪定逆转。该方案的安全性通过幼犬立即、分娩后 2 小时和 7 天的存活率以及阿普加评分（最后一只幼犬分娩后 15 分钟开始测量）来表示。母犬的存活率在剖宫产（CS）后立即、2 小时和 7 天建立。剖宫产包括 148 只波尔多犬、84 只英国斗牛犬和 60 只其他纯种母犬，分别产生 1378、541 和 313 只幼犬。波尔多犬、英国斗牛犬和其他纯种母犬的活产幼犬比例分别为 97.39%、96.67%和 91.69%，分娩后 2 小时和 7 天的存活率分别为 95.43%、88.35%和 89.78%，89.19%、79.11%和 84.03%。16 只（1.16%）、32 只（5.59%）和 4 只（1.28%）畸形波尔多犬、英国斗牛犬和其他纯种幼犬被安乐死。35、18 和 26 只波尔多犬、英国斗牛犬和其他纯种幼犬分别为死产，其中 12、9 和 15 只分别在剖宫产前的超声检查中发现已经死亡。校正因超声检查发现的死胎和安乐死的畸形幼犬后，波尔多犬、英国斗牛犬和其他纯种犬的存活率分别在 2 小时和 7 天达到 98.21%、95.60%和 94.30%，91.78%、87.17%和 88.26%。2 小时的存活率与评分 8 或以下的窝产仔数呈负相关（r=0.14，P=0.01，n=292 窝），并且与窝产仔中最低的阿普加评分呈正相关（r=0.11，P=0.05，n=292 窝）。本研究表明，剖宫产前使用盐酸美托咪定作为预给药是安全的，与幼犬活力以及 2 小时和 7 天的幼犬存活率良好相关。使用美托咪定作为预给药，可将通常作为诱导剂所需的异丙酚剂量减少一半以下。
