A Systematic Investigation of Lateral Estimation Using Various Interpolation Approaches in Conventional Ultrasound Imaging.

Accurate lateral displacement and strain estimation is critical for some applications of elasticity imaging. Typically, motion estimation in the lateral direction is challenging because of low sampling frequency and lack of phase information in conventional ultrasound imaging. Several approaches have been proposed to improve the performance of lateral estimation, such as lateral interpolation on the radio frequency (RF) signals (Interp_RF), lateral interpolation on the cross-correlation function (Interp_CCF), and lateral interpolation on both the RF signals and cross-correlation function (Interp_Both). In this paper, the estimation performances of the above-mentioned three approaches are compared systematically in simulations and phantom experiments. In the simulations, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of axial/lateral displacement and strain is utilized to assess the accuracy of motion estimation. In the phantom experiments, the displacement quality metric (DQM), defined as the normalized cross-correlation between the motion-compensated reference frame and the comparison frame, and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of axial/lateral strain are used as the evaluation criteria. The results show that the three approaches have similar performance in axial estimation. For lateral estimation, if the line density of ultrasound imaging is relatively high (i.e., >4.2 lines/mm), Interp_CCF is comparable to Interp_Both, and Interp_RF performs the worst. However, if the line density is relatively low (i.e., <2.8 lines/mm), Interp_Both performs the best as indicated by the lowest RMSEs or highest DQMs and CNRs in lateral estimation. The trend is consistent at different window sizes, applied strains, and sonographic signal-to-noise ratios (>20 dB). Besides, Interp_Both with a small interpolation factor (e.g., 3-5) is found to obtain the best tradeoff between the estimation accuracy and the computational cost, and thus is suggested for lateral motion estimation in the case of a low line density (i.e., <2.8 lines/mm).