Goyal Gaurav, Nuessly Gregg S, Seal Dakshina R, Steck Gary J, Capinera John L, Boote Kenneth J
Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida (UF), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), 3200 E. Palm Beach Rd., Belle Glade, FL 33430.
40 Sheraton Dr., Ithaca, NY 14850.
Environ Entomol. 2017 Aug 1;46(4):946-953. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvx082.
Eleven species of picture-winged flies (Diptera: Ulidiidae) attack maize (Zea mays L.) in the Americas. Field and laboratory studies were used to determine developmental times on sweet corn ears for the three most common species attacking the crop in the United States, Chaetopsis massyla (Walker), Euxesta eluta Loew, and Euxesta stigmatias Loew. Egg plus larval stage developmental times were evaluated in early Spring and late Fall 2009, and late Spring 2010, by placing newly deposited eggs in protected ears in the field. Newly formed puparia were removed daily from cages and held in the laboratory to determine pupal developmental times. Developmental times were compared with flies reared on artificial diet in the laboratory. Ear- and diet-reared adults were held until their death to determine adult longevity. Developmental times, including for pupae from ear-reared larvae, were significantly affected by species and season. All three species required nearly twice as long to complete development in the late Fall compared to late Spring studies. Flies required 3-13 d longer to complete development on artificial diet than on ears. Euxesta eluta adults lived two to three times longer than the other species, and females of all species lived 10-15% longer than males. Species and seasonal developmental times are discussed in relation to ear developmental times and control strategies. It is estimated that 16-19 generations per year of all three fly species can develop in the field in the sweet corn production area of southern Florida.
在美洲，有11种丽蝇科（双翅目：实蝇科）昆虫会侵害玉米（玉米属玉蜀黍种）。通过田间和实验室研究，确定了在美国侵害该作物的三种最常见昆虫，即马氏鬃实蝇（Walker）、埃氏真叶实蝇Loew和污斑真叶实蝇Loew在甜玉米穗上的发育时间。2009年早春、晚秋以及2010年晚春，通过将新产的卵置于田间受保护的玉米穗中，评估了卵加幼虫阶段的发育时间。每天从笼子中取出新形成的蛹并置于实验室中，以确定蛹的发育时间。将发育时间与在实验室用人工饲料饲养的苍蝇进行比较。饲养在玉米穗和饲料上的成虫饲养至死亡，以确定成虫寿命。发育时间，包括来自玉米穗饲养幼虫的蛹的发育时间，受到物种和季节的显著影响。与晚春研究相比，所有这三个物种在晚秋完成发育所需的时间几乎是晚春的两倍。苍蝇在人工饲料上完成发育所需的时间比在玉米穗上长3 - 13天。埃氏真叶实蝇成虫的寿命是其他物种的两到三倍，所有物种的雌性寿命比雄性长10 - 15%。文中讨论了物种和季节发育时间与玉米穗发育时间及防治策略的关系。据估计，在佛罗里达州南部甜玉米产区的田间，这三种苍蝇每年可发育16 - 19代。
