CBET Res. Grp., Department Zoology & Animal Cell Biology, University Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station; PiE-UPV/EHU), University Basque Country, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 May;25(14):13396-13415. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9159-2. Epub 2017 May 24.
This paper aims to contribute to the use of mangrove cupped oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae, as a biomonitor species for chemical contamination assessment in mangrove-lined Caribbean coastal systems. Sampling was carried out in eight localities (three in Nicaragua and five in Colombia) with different types and levels of contamination. Oysters were collected during the rainy and dry seasons of 2012-2013 and the tissue concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined. Low tissue concentrations of metals (except Hg) and PAHs; moderate-to-high tissue concentrations of Hg, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs); detectable levels of chlorpyrifos, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (mainly CB28, CB118, CB138 and CB 153) and brominated diphenyl ethers 85 (BDE85); and negligible levels of musks were recorded in Nicaraguan oysters. A distinct profile of POPs was identified in Colombia, where the tissue concentrations of PCBs and synthetic musk fragrances were low to moderate, and Ag, As, Cd, Pb, and PAHs ranged from moderate to extremely high. Overall, the values recorded for HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in Nicaraguan mangrove cupped oysters greatly exceeded the reference values in tissues of C. rhizophorae from the Wider Caribbean Region, whereas only the levels of PCBs were occasionally surpassed in Colombia. Different contaminant profiles were distinguished between oysters from Nicaragua and Colombia in radar plots constructed using the main groups of contaminants (metals, PAHs, musks, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)). Likewise, integrated pollution indices revealed differences in the levels of contaminants. Moreover, the profiles and levels in oyster tissues also varied with season. Thus, principal component analysis clearly discriminated Nicaraguan and Colombian localities and, especially in Colombia, seasonal trends in chemical contamination and differences amongst localities were evidenced. The geographical and environmental disparity of the studied scenarios may represent to a large extent the diversity of mangrove-lined Caribbean coastal systems and therefore the present results support the use of C. rhizophorae as suitable biomonitor species at Caribbean regional scale, where seasonal variability is a major factor controlling pollutant mobility and bioavailability.
本研究旨在探讨红树林牡蛎（Crassostrea rhizophorae）作为一种生物监测物种，用于评估加勒比沿海红树林系统中化学污染物的污染情况。在具有不同类型和污染水平的 8 个地点（尼加拉瓜 3 个，哥伦比亚 5 个）进行了采样。2012-2013 年的雨季和旱季采集了牡蛎，并测定了其组织中的金属、多环芳烃（PAHs）和持久性有机污染物（POPs）浓度。金属（汞除外）和 PAHs 的组织浓度较低；汞、六氯环己烷（HCHs）和二氯二苯三氯乙烷（DDTs）的组织浓度中等至较高；氯吡磷、多氯联苯（PCBs）（主要为 CB28、CB118、CB138 和 CB153）和溴化二苯醚 85（BDE85）的含量可检测到；尼加拉瓜牡蛎中的麝香含量可忽略不计。在哥伦比亚，记录到了截然不同的 POPs 特征，其中 PCBs 和合成麝香香料的组织浓度较低至中等，而 Ag、As、Cd、Pb 和 PAHs 的浓度从中等到极高不等。总体而言，尼加拉瓜红树林牡蛎中 HCHs、DDTs 和 PCBs 的含量大大超过了更广泛的加勒比地区 C. rhizophorae 组织中的参考值，而在哥伦比亚，仅偶尔超过了 PCBs 的含量。在使用主要污染物（金属、PAHs、麝香、PCBs 和有机氯农药（OCPs））组绘制雷达图时，区分了来自尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚的牡蛎之间的不同污染物特征。同样，综合污染指数显示污染物水平存在差异。此外，牡蛎组织中的含量和水平也随季节而变化。因此，主成分分析清楚地区分了尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚的地点，特别是在哥伦比亚，表明了化学污染的季节性趋势以及地点之间的差异。研究场景的地理和环境差异在很大程度上代表了加勒比沿海红树林系统的多样性，因此本研究结果支持将 C. rhizophorae 作为适合的生物监测物种在加勒比地区范围内使用，在该地区，季节性变化是控制污染物迁移和生物利用度的主要因素。
