Witte T, Pieper D H, Heidrich B
Klinik für Immunologie und Rheumatologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland.
Arbeitsgruppe Mikrobielle Interaktionen und Prozesse, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Deutschland.
Internist (Berl). 2017 Jul;58(7):682-686. doi: 10.1007/s00108-017-0259-3.
During recent years, the analysis of the human microbiota has been receiving more and more scientific focus. Deep sequencing analysis enables characterization of microbial communities in different environments without the need of culture-based methods. Hereby, information about microbial communities is increasing enormously. Numerous studies in humans and animal models revealed the important role of the microbiome in emergence and natural course of diseases such as autoimmune diseases and metabolic disorders, e. g., the metabolic syndrome. The identification of causalities between the intestinal microbiota composition and function, and diseases in humans and animal models can help to develop individualized therapies targeting the microbiome and its modification. Nowadays, it is established that several factors influence the composition of the microbiota. Diet it is one of the major factors shaping the microbiota and the use of pro- and prebiotica may induce changes in the microbial community. Fecal microbiome transfer is the first approach targeting the intestinal microbiota which is implemented in the clinical routine for patients with therapy-refractory infections with Clostridium difficile. Herewith, the recipient's microbiota can be changed permanently and the patient can be cured from the infection.
近年来，对人类微生物群的分析越来越受到科学关注。深度测序分析能够在无需基于培养方法的情况下对不同环境中的微生物群落进行表征。据此，有关微生物群落的信息正在大幅增加。众多针对人类和动物模型的研究揭示了微生物群落在自身免疫性疾病和代谢紊乱等疾病（如代谢综合征）的发生及自然病程中的重要作用。确定人类和动物模型中肠道微生物群组成与功能以及疾病之间的因果关系，有助于开发针对微生物群及其调节的个性化疗法。如今，已明确有多种因素会影响微生物群的组成。饮食是塑造微生物群的主要因素之一，益生元和益生菌的使用可能会引起微生物群落的变化。粪便微生物群移植是针对肠道微生物群的首个方法，已在临床上用于治疗难治性艰难梭菌感染的患者。通过这种方法，受者的微生物群可被永久改变，患者的感染也可被治愈。
