Grenfell-Essam Rachel, Ward Geoff, Tan Lydia
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University.
Department of Psychology, University of Essex.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2017 Dec;43(12):1909-1933. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000430. Epub 2017 May 29.
In 2 experiments, participants were presented with lists of between 2 and 12 words for either immediate free recall (IFR) or immediate serial recall (ISR). Auditory recall advantages at the end of the list (modality effects) and visual recall advantages early in the list (inverse modality effects) were observed in both tasks and the extent and magnitude of these effects were dependent upon list length. Both tasks displayed modality effects with short lists that were large in magnitude but limited to the final serial position, consistent with those observed in the typically short lists used in ISR, and both tasks displayed modality effects with longer lists that were small in magnitude and more extended across multiple end-of-list positions, consistent with those observed in the typically longer lists used in IFR. Inverse modality effects were also observed in both tasks at early list positions on longer lengths. Presentation modality did not affect where recall was initiated, but modality effects were greatest on trials where participants initiated recall with the first item. We argue for a unified account of IFR and ISR. We also assume that the presentation modality affects the encoding of all list items, and that modality effects emerge due to the greater resistance of auditory items to output interference. (PsycINFO Database Record
在两项实验中，向参与者呈现包含2至12个单词的列表，用于即时自由回忆（IFR）或即时系列回忆（ISR）。在这两项任务中均观察到列表末尾的听觉回忆优势（模态效应）和列表开头的视觉回忆优势（反向模态效应），并且这些效应的程度和大小取决于列表长度。两项任务在短列表中均表现出模态效应，其幅度较大但仅限于最后一个序列位置，这与在ISR中通常使用的较短列表中观察到的情况一致；两项任务在较长列表中也表现出模态效应，其幅度较小且在多个列表末尾位置更为广泛，这与在IFR中通常使用的较长列表中观察到的情况一致。在较长长度的列表开头位置，两项任务中也观察到了反向模态效应。呈现模态并不影响回忆从何处开始，但模态效应在参与者从第一个项目开始回忆的试验中最为明显。我们主张对IFR和ISR进行统一解释。我们还假设呈现模态会影响所有列表项目的编码，并且模态效应的出现是由于听觉项目对输出干扰的抵抗力更强。（PsycINFO数据库记录）
