Cowley David E, Atchley William R
Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7614, USA.
Evolution. 1992 Apr;46(2):495-518. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02054.x.
Herein we describe a general multivariate quantitative genetic model that incorporates two potentially important developmental phenomena, maternal effects and epigenetic effects. Maternal and epigenetic effects are defined as partial regression coefficients and phenotypic variances are derived in terms of age-specific genetic and environmental variances. As a starting point, the traditional quantitative genetic model of additive gene effects and random environmental effects is cast in a developmental time framework. From this framework, we first extend a maternal effects model to include multiple developmental ages for the occurrence of maternal effects. An example of maternal effects occurring at multiple developmental ages is prenatal and postnatal maternal effects in mammals. Subsequently, a model of intrinsic and epigenetic effects in the absence of maternal effects is described. It is shown that genetic correlations can arise through epigenetic effects, and in the absence of other developmental effects, epigenetic effects are in general confounded with age-specific intrinsic genetic effects. Finally, the two effects are incorporated into the basic quantitative genetic model. For this more biologically realistic model combining maternal and epigenetic effects, it is shown that the phenotypic regressions of offspring on mother and offspring on father can be used in some cases to estimate simultaneously maternal effects and epigenetic effects.
在此，我们描述了一个通用的多变量数量遗传模型，该模型纳入了两个潜在重要的发育现象，即母体效应和表观遗传效应。母体效应和表观遗传效应被定义为偏回归系数，表型方差是根据特定年龄的遗传和环境方差推导出来的。作为起点，将加性基因效应和随机环境效应的传统数量遗传模型置于发育时间框架中。从这个框架出发，我们首先扩展了一个母体效应模型，以纳入母体效应发生的多个发育年龄。母体效应在多个发育年龄发生的一个例子是哺乳动物的产前和产后母体效应。随后，描述了在不存在母体效应的情况下的内在和表观遗传效应模型。结果表明，遗传相关性可通过表观遗传效应产生，并且在不存在其他发育效应的情况下，表观遗传效应通常与特定年龄的内在遗传效应混淆。最后，将这两种效应纳入基本的数量遗传模型。对于这个结合了母体效应和表观遗传效应的更符合生物学现实的模型，结果表明，在某些情况下，后代对母亲和后代对父亲的表型回归可用于同时估计母体效应和表观遗传效应。
