Lynch Michael
Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
Evolution. 1991 Aug;45(5):1065-1080. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04375.x.
Inferences regarding phylogenetic patterns and constraints on the evolution of characters often can be derived only from comparisons of extant species. If the phylogeny of these species is known, then the mean phenotypes of taxa can be partitioned into heritable phylogenetic effects and nonheritable residual components. Methods are presented for the estimation of phylogenywide means of characters, the variance-covariance structure of the components of taxon-specific means, and the mean phenotypes of ancestral taxa. These methods, which are largely an extension of maximum-likelihood techniques used in quantitative genetics, make an efficient use of the data, are unbiased by phylogenetically uninformative contributions to mean phenotypes, and take into account fully the nonindependence of data resulting from evolutionary relationships. Statistical tests are introduced for evaluating the significance of phylogenetic heritability and of correlations between traits, and expressions are given for the standard errors of ancestral mean phenotype estimates. It is argued that the covariance structure of phylogenetic effects provides a description of a macroevolutionary pattern, whereas that for the residual effects, when corrected for sampling error, is more closely related to a microevolutionary pattern.
关于系统发育模式以及性状进化限制的推断通常只能从现存物种的比较中得出。如果这些物种的系统发育关系已知，那么分类单元的平均表型可以被划分为可遗传的系统发育效应和不可遗传的残余成分。本文介绍了一些方法，用于估计性状的全系统发育均值、分类单元特异性均值各成分的方差协方差结构以及祖先分类单元的平均表型。这些方法在很大程度上是数量遗传学中最大似然技术的扩展，能够有效利用数据，不受对平均表型无系统发育信息贡献的影响，并充分考虑了由进化关系导致的数据非独立性。引入了统计检验来评估系统发育遗传性和性状间相关性的显著性，并给出了祖先平均表型估计值的标准误差表达式。本文认为，系统发育效应的协方差结构描述了一种宏观进化模式，而经过抽样误差校正后的残余效应协方差结构与微观进化模式的关系更为密切。
