THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH RHAGOLETIS.

All Rhagoletis reportedly establish associations with one or more bacterial species, but the bases for these interactions and their implications for host race formation and speciation are poorly understood. Here we present the results of four studies designed to increase our understanding of these relationships. In the first study, we identify the bacteria associated with seven Rhagoletis taxa by surveying the inhabitants of the esophageal bulb, an organ whose major function appears to be the housing of microorganisms. The results suggest that no bacterium has entered into an obligate symbiotic relationship with any of the Rhagoletis taxa surveyed, although one bacterium, Klebsiella oxytoca, is a very common associate of six of the seven. In the second study we use horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to determine the genetic similarity of K. oxytoca clones isolated from different Rhagoletis populations. This analysis provides a rare look into the genetic structure of natural populations of an enteric bacterium and permits the construction of a dendrogram for the clones-a dendrogram which indicates that there is no clear-cut pattern to the distribution of K. oxytoca genotypes among Rhagoletis. Taken together, the above studies provide indirect evidence that the bacteria associated with Rhagoletis are not important determinants of host plant specificity. The third and fourth studies assess two possible functions associated bacteria may perform for Rhagoletis: pectic substances degradation and nitrogen fixation. Our results do not lend support to either function.