Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jul;25(21):20374-20384. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9307-8. Epub 2017 May 31.
Eight wastewater samples from a university campus were analysed between May and July of 2014 to determine the concentration of 14 natural and synthetic steroid hormones. An on-line solid-phase extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (on-line SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) was used as extraction, pre-concentration and detection method. In the samples studied, three oestrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone and estriol), two androgens (boldenone and testosterone), three progestogens (norgestrel, progesterone and norethisterone) and one glucocorticoid (prednisone) were detected. The removal of hormones was studied in primary and secondary constructed wetland mesocosms. The porous media of the primary constructed wetlands were palm tree mulch. These reactors were used to study the effect of water flow, i.e. horizontal (HF1) vs vertical (VF1). The latter was more efficient in the removal of 17β-estradiol (HF1: 30%, VF1: 50%), estrone (HF1: 63%, VF1: 85%), estriol (100% both), testosterone (HF1: 45%, VF1: 73%), boldenone (HF1:-77%, VF1: 100%) and progesterone (HF1: 84%, VF1: 99%). The effluent of HF1 was used as influent of three secondary constructed wetland mesocosms: two double-stage vertical flow constructed wetlands, one with gravel (VF2gravel) and one with palm mulch (VF2mulch), and a mineral-based, horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFmineral). VF2mulch was the most efficient of the secondary reactors, since it achieved the complete removal of the hormones studied with the exception of 17ß-estradiol. The significantly better removal of BOD and ammonia attained by VF2mulch suggests that the better aeration of mulch favoured the more efficient removal of hormones.
2014 年 5 月至 7 月，对大学园区的 8 个废水样本进行了分析，以确定 14 种天然和合成甾体激素的浓度。采用在线固相萃取与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用（在线 SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS）作为提取、预浓缩和检测方法。在所研究的样品中，检测到三种雌激素（17β-雌二醇、雌酮和雌三醇）、两种雄激素（雄烯二酮和睾酮）、三种孕激素（去氧孕烯、孕酮和炔诺酮）和一种糖皮质激素（泼尼松）。在初级和二级人工湿地中研究了激素的去除情况。初级人工湿地的多孔介质为棕榈树碎屑。这些反应器用于研究水流的影响，即水平流（HF1）与垂直流（VF1）。后者在去除 17β-雌二醇（HF1：30%，VF1：50%）、雌酮（HF1：63%，VF1：85%）、雌三醇（100%）、睾酮（HF1：45%，VF1：73%）、雄烯二酮（HF1：-77%，VF1：100%）和孕酮（HF1：84%，VF1：99%）方面更为有效。HF1 的出水被用作三个二级人工湿地中水池的进水：两个两级垂直流人工湿地，一个用砾石（VF2gravel），一个用棕榈碎屑（VF2mulch），以及一个基于矿物质的水平流人工湿地（HFmineral）。VF2mulch 是二级反应器中最有效的，因为它除了 17β-雌二醇外，完全去除了所研究的激素。VF2mulch 显著更好地去除 BOD 和氨表明，碎屑的更好曝气有利于更有效地去除激素。
