Sharif Muhammad Nadeem, Farahat Ashraf, Haider Husnain, Al-Zahrani Muhammad A, Rodriguez Manuel J, Sadiq Rehan
College of Applied and Supporting Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
Environ Monit Assess. 2017 Jul;189(7):307. doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-5989-0. Epub 2017 Jun 1.
Managing residual chlorine in large water distribution systems (WDS) to minimize human health risk is a daunting task. In this research, a novel risk-based framework is developed and implemented in a distribution network spanning over 64 km for supplying water to the city of Al-Khobar (Saudi Arabia) through 473-km-long water mains. The framework integrates the planning of linear assets (i.e., pipes) and placement of booster stations to optimize residual chlorine in the WDS. Failure mode and effect analysis are integrated with the fuzzy set theory to perform risk analysis. A vulnerability regarding the probability of failure of pipes is estimated from historical records of water main breaks. The consequence regarding residual chlorine availability has been associated with the exposed population depending on the land use characteristics (i.e., defined through zoning). EPANET simulations have been conducted to predict residual chlorine at each node of the network. A water quality index is used to assess the effectiveness of chlorine practice. Scenario analysis is also performed to evaluate the impact of changing locations and number of booster stations, and rehabilitation and/or replacement of vulnerable water mains. The results revealed that the proposed methodology could facilitate the utility managers to optimize residual chlorine effectively in large WDS.
在大型供水系统（WDS）中管理余氯以将人类健康风险降至最低是一项艰巨的任务。在本研究中，开发了一种基于风险的新型框架，并在一个跨越64公里的配水管网中实施，该管网通过473公里长的水管为沙特阿拉伯胡拜尔市供水。该框架整合了线性资产（即管道）的规划和增压站的布局，以优化供水系统中的余氯。故障模式和影响分析与模糊集理论相结合以进行风险分析。根据水管爆裂的历史记录估算管道失效概率的脆弱性。根据土地利用特征（即通过分区定义），将余氯可用性的后果与受影响人口联系起来。进行了EPANET模拟以预测管网每个节点的余氯。使用水质指数评估加氯措施的有效性。还进行了情景分析，以评估改变增压站的位置和数量以及修复和/或更换脆弱水管的影响。结果表明，所提出的方法可以帮助公用事业管理者在大型供水系统中有效地优化余氯。
