Lopes P F M, Mendes L, Fonseca V, Villasante S
Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Fisheries and Food Institute, Santos, SP, Brazil; Fishing Ecology, Management and Economics (FEME), Natal, Brazil.
Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
J Environ Manage. 2017 Sep 15;200:123-134. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.080. Epub 2017 May 30.
Although critical tools for protecting ocean habitats, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are sometimes challenged for social impacts and conflicts they may generate. Some conflicts have an economic base, which, once understood, can be used to resolve associated socioenvironmental problems. We addressed how the fish trade in an MPA that combines no-take zones and tourist or resident zones creates incentives for increased fisheries. We performed a value chain analysis following the fish supply and trade through interviews that assessed consumer demand and preference. The results showed a simple and closed value chain driven by tourism (70% of the consumption). Both tourists and local consumers preferred high trophic level species (predators), but the former preferred large pelagics (tuna and dolphinfish) and the latter preferred reef species (barracuda and snapper). Pelagic predators are caught with fresh sardines, which are sometimes located only in the no-take zone. Pelagic species are mainly served as fillet, and the leftover fish parts end up as waste, an issue that, if properly addressed, can help reduce fishing pressure. Whereas some of the target species may be sustainable (e.g., dolphinfish), others are more vulnerable (e.g., wahoo) and should not be intensively fished. We advise setting stricter limits to the number of tourists visiting MPAs, according to their own capacity and peculiarities, in order to avoid conflicts with conservations goals through incentives for increased resource use.
尽管海洋保护区是保护海洋栖息地的关键手段，但有时也会因可能产生的社会影响和冲突而面临挑战。一些冲突有经济根源，一旦被理解，就可以用来解决相关的社会环境问题。我们探讨了一个将禁捕区与旅游或居住区分开的海洋保护区内的鱼类贸易如何刺激渔业活动增加。我们通过访谈对鱼类供应和贸易进行了价值链分析，以评估消费者需求和偏好。结果显示了一个由旅游业驱动的简单且封闭的价值链（70%的消费量）。游客和当地消费者都更喜欢高营养级的物种（食肉动物），但前者更喜欢大型中上层鱼类（金枪鱼和鲯鳅），而后者更喜欢珊瑚礁鱼类（梭子鱼和笛鲷）。中上层食肉动物是用新鲜沙丁鱼捕获的，而沙丁鱼有时只在禁捕区内才有。中上层鱼类主要以鱼片形式供应，剩余的鱼部分最终成为废弃物，如果妥善处理这个问题，有助于减轻捕鱼压力。虽然一些目标物种可能是可持续的（如鲯鳅），但其他物种则更易受到影响（如刺鲅），不应过度捕捞。我们建议根据海洋保护区自身的容量和特点，对前往海洋保护区的游客数量设置更严格的限制，以避免因刺激资源使用增加而与保护目标产生冲突。
