Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
Curr Biol. 2017 Jun 5;27(11):R511-R527. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.060.
The oceans appear ideal for biodiversity - they have unlimited water, a large area, are well connected, have less extreme temperatures than on land, and contain more phyla and classes than land and fresh waters. Yet only 16% of all named species on Earth are marine. Species richness decreases with depth in the ocean, reflecting wider geographic ranges of deep sea than coastal species. Here, we assess how many marine species are named and estimated to exist, paying particular regard to whether discoveries of deep-sea organisms, microbes and parasites will change the proportion of terrestrial to marine species. We then review what factors have led to species diversification, and how this knowledge informs conservation priorities. The implications of this understanding for marine conservation are that the species most vulnerable to extinction will be large and endemic. Unfortunately, these species are also the most threatened by human impacts. Such threats now extend globally, and thus the only refuges for these species will be large, permanent, fully protected marine reserves.
海洋似乎是生物多样性的理想之地——它们拥有无限的水资源、广阔的面积、良好的连通性，其温度变化没有陆地那么极端，并且拥有比陆地和淡水更多的门和纲。然而，地球上所有已命名的物种中只有 16%是海洋物种。海洋物种的丰富度随深度的增加而减少，这反映了深海物种的地理分布范围比沿海物种更广。在这里，我们评估了已命名和估计存在的海洋物种数量，特别关注深海生物、微生物和寄生虫的发现是否会改变陆地物种与海洋物种的比例。然后，我们回顾了导致物种多样化的因素，以及这些知识如何为保护优先级提供信息。对于海洋保护来说，这种理解意味着最容易灭绝的物种将是大型的特有种。不幸的是，这些物种也是最容易受到人类影响的物种。这些威胁现在已经蔓延到全球，因此这些物种唯一的避难所将是大型、永久性、完全受保护的海洋保护区。
