Martens Helge, Tillmann Urban, Harju Kirsi, Dell'Aversano Carmela, Tartaglione Luciana, Krock Bernd
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
Microorganisms. 2017 May 26;5(2):29. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms5020029.
is a toxic dinoflagellate that has recently bloomed in Ouwerkerkse Kreek, The Netherlands, and which is able to cause a serious threat to shellfish consumers and aquacultures. We used a large set of 68 strains to the aim of fully characterizing the toxin profiles of the Dutch in consideration of recent reports of novel toxins. is known as a causative species of paralytic shellfish poisoning, and consistently in the Dutch population we determined the presence of several paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) including saxitoxin (STX), GTX2/3 (gonyautoxins), B1 and C1/C2. We also examined the production of spiroimine toxins by the Dutch strains. An extensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a high intraspecific variability of spirolides (SPX) and gymnodimines (GYM). Spirolides included 13-desMethyl-spirolide C generally as the major compound and several other mostly unknown SPX-like compounds that were detected and characterized. Besides spirolides, the presence of gymnodimine A and 12-Methyl-gymnodimine A was confirmed, together with two new gymnodimines. One of these was tentatively identified as an analogue of gymnodimine D and was the most abundant gymnodimine (calculated cell quota up to 274 pg cell, expressed as GYM A equivalents). Our multi-clonal approach adds new analogues to the increasing number of compounds in these toxin classes and revealed a high strain variability in cell quota and in toxin profile of toxic compounds within a single population.
是一种有毒的甲藻，最近在荷兰的欧韦尔克塞克里克大量繁殖，对贝类消费者和水产养殖业构成严重威胁。考虑到最近关于新毒素的报道，我们使用了68株菌株，旨在全面表征荷兰该物种的毒素谱。已知是麻痹性贝类中毒的致病物种，在荷兰的种群中，我们始终检测到几种麻痹性贝类毒素（PST），包括石房蛤毒素（STX）、GTX2/3（膝沟藻毒素）、B1和C1/C2。我们还检测了荷兰菌株产生的螺亚胺毒素。广泛的液相色谱 - 串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）分析显示，螺旋藻毒素（SPX）和裸甲藻毒素（GYM）存在高度种内变异性。螺旋藻毒素包括通常作为主要化合物的13-去甲基螺旋藻毒素C以及检测和表征的其他几种大多未知的类SPX化合物。除了螺旋藻毒素外，还确认了裸甲藻毒素A和12-甲基裸甲藻毒素A的存在，以及两种新的裸甲藻毒素。其中一种被初步鉴定为裸甲藻毒素D的类似物，是最丰富的裸甲藻毒素（计算的细胞配额高达274 pg/细胞，以GYM A当量表示）。我们的多克隆方法为这些毒素类别中越来越多的化合物增加了新的类似物，并揭示了单个种群中细胞配额和有毒化合物毒素谱的高菌株变异性。
