Zielo Birgit, Matzarakis Andreas
Fakultät für Umwelt und Natürliche Ressourcen, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg.
Zentrum für Medizin-Meteorologische Forschung, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Freiburg.
Gesundheitswesen. 2018 Apr;80(4):e34-e43. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-107874. Epub 2017 Jun 7.
Heat waves are among the extreme weather events and represent a growing health hazard for the population in Europe. According to the current climate studies, the probability of an increase and intensification of heat waves has been increasing for years. Particularly affected by exposure to unusually high heat are people whose organism is already weakened by age or illness. As the share of senior citizens in Germany continues to rise as a result of demographic change, the health effects of heat waves are gaining in importance.
Heat-induced morbidity and mortality can be effectively countered by information provision and timely initiation of preventive measures. The heat wave of the summer of 2003, which killed around 70000 people across Europe, led to the establishment of national heat warning systems and / or hot weather plans in much of Europe. In Germany, the heat warning system of the German Weather Service was set up nationwide in 2005. Thus, a 2-stage warning process can be comprehensively and timely inform people of an imminent heat wave, whereupon appropriate preventive measures can be initiated. In addition, it is recommended to establish a heat action plan which, in addition to heat warning, also takes into account comprehensive health intervention measures.
This article outlines the background, significance and structure of a heat action plan according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This is based on the guidance document prepared in 2008 and the supplementary documents of the years 2009 and 2011.
In order to ensure sustainable protection against heat-related health hazards, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the introduction of a national heat action plan for its Member States. There are fundamental differences between a heat warning system and a heat action plan. While the warning of a brief heat period is the central task of the heat warning system, the heat action plan follows an integrative approach that combines short, medium and long-term health protection measures within a common framework.
热浪属于极端天气事件，对欧洲民众的健康危害日益增大。根据当前的气候研究，热浪增加和加剧的可能性多年来一直在上升。机体因年龄或疾病而已经较为虚弱的人群尤其容易受到异常高温的影响。由于人口结构变化，德国老年人的比例持续上升，热浪对健康的影响愈发重要。
通过提供信息和及时启动预防措施，可以有效应对高温引发的发病和死亡情况。2003年夏季的热浪导致欧洲约7万人死亡，促使欧洲大部分地区建立了国家高温预警系统和/或炎热天气应对计划。德国于2005年在全国范围内设立了德国气象局的高温预警系统。这样，一个两阶段的预警流程能够全面、及时地告知民众即将到来的热浪，进而启动适当的预防措施。此外，建议制定一项高温应对计划，该计划除了高温预警外，还应考虑全面的健康干预措施。
本文概述了世界卫生组织（WHO）高温应对计划的背景、意义和结构。这基于2008年编写的指导文件以及2009年和2011年的补充文件。
为确保对与高温相关的健康危害进行可持续防护，世界卫生组织（WHO）建议其成员国引入国家高温应对计划。高温预警系统和高温应对计划存在根本差异。虽然短暂高温期的预警是高温预警系统的核心任务，但高温应对计划采用的是一种综合方法，即在一个共同框架内结合短期、中期和长期的健康保护措施。
