Walters Benjamin K, Read Connor R, Estes A Reed
School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Department of Sports Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA -
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018 Sep;58(9):1339-1348. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07409-6. Epub 2017 Jun 8.
In 2014, 60 million youth ages 6-18 participated in some form of generalized athletics. Around 3.5 million children are injured annually participating in organized sport or recreational activities. While sound physical education can decrease the burden of youth sports injuries, the median annual physical education budget of $ 764 for USA elementary, middle, and high schools may not allow enough flexibility to apply evidenced-based guidelines.
The topics were selected after a careful review of the 2016 National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development. Articles used to summarize the topics were located by using and cross-referencing sources from this statement. PubMed searches were also conducted using the key words "youth sports injuries," "early sports specialization," "training and maturation," "training versus developmental stage," and "long-term athletic development."
Youth resistance training has been shown to decrease not only the risk of injury, but also of the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Adequate recovery time also decreases injury risk, and resources such as the RESTQ-Sport are available to help coaches identify stress-recovery imbalances, which can be detected two months before an athlete becomes overreached. Through early detection of overtraining, a significant proportion of overuse injuries can be prevented. Early specialization causes fewer muscle groups to be worked and increased repetition, theoretically increasing the risk of injury and early sport dropout. Prior to puberty, increased neuronal activation and adaptation can be achieved through focusing on agility, balance and coordination, thus taking advantage of increased synaptoplasticity. In these early years, neuronal stimulation is more important than muscle hypertrophy, which plays a greater role in athletic development after puberty.
A substantial proportion of youth injuries are preventable. Coaches and physical educators who correctly understand and apply the principles outlined in this review can help youth under their supervision engage in healthy training for sport.
2014年，6000万6至18岁的青少年参与了某种形式的综合性体育运动。每年约有350万儿童在参与有组织的体育或娱乐活动时受伤。虽然合理的体育教育可以减轻青少年运动损伤的负担，但美国小学、初中和高中每年764美元的体育教育预算中位数可能无法提供足够的灵活性来应用循证指南。
在仔细审查2016年国家体能协会关于长期运动发展的立场声明后选定了这些主题。用于总结这些主题的文章通过使用该声明中的来源并交叉引用进行查找。还使用关键词“青少年运动损伤”、“早期运动专项化”、“训练与成熟”、“训练与发育阶段”以及“长期运动发展”在PubMed上进行了搜索。
青少年抗阻训练已被证明不仅可以降低受伤风险，还能降低患糖尿病和代谢综合征的风险。充足的恢复时间也能降低受伤风险，并且有RESTQ-Sport等资源可帮助教练识别压力-恢复失衡情况，这种失衡在运动员过度训练前两个月就能被检测到。通过早期发现过度训练，可以预防很大一部分过度使用损伤。早期专项化导致较少的肌肉群得到锻炼且重复次数增加，从理论上讲会增加受伤风险和过早退出运动的可能性。在青春期之前，通过专注于敏捷性、平衡和协调性可以实现神经元激活和适应性的增强，从而利用突触可塑性的增加。在这些早期阶段，神经元刺激比肌肉肥大更重要，而肌肉肥大在青春期后的运动发展中起更大作用。
很大一部分青少年损伤是可以预防的。正确理解并应用本综述中概述的原则的教练和体育教育工作者可以帮助他们所指导的青少年进行健康的运动训练。
