Pinedo Miguel, Beletsky Leo, Alamillo Nathan, Ojeda Victoria D
Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, United States.
Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Northeastern University School of Law & Bouvé College of Health Sciences, 416 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Aug;46:41-46. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.028. Epub 2017 Jun 7.
Evidence-based public health and criminal justice policies aimed at addressing the structurally vulnerable population of persons who inject drugs (PWID) and who are involved in the immigrant enforcement and deportation system are lacking. Policing practices are critical structural determinants of HIV among PWID. PWID in Mexico who have been deported from the US are at elevated risk of HIV.
From 2011 to 2013, 733 PWID were recruited to complete structured questionnaires, including past 6-month experiences with police. Eligible PWID were 18 years or older, had injected in the past month, and resided in Tijuana, Mexico with no intentions of moving. To determine if deportation status was associated with experiences of arrests and problematic policing practices, we conducted separate multivariate logistic regression models for independent policing variables.
In multivariate analyses, deportation status was independently associated with higher odds of being arrested (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.45; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02-2.05), being asked for a bribe (AOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05-2.04), and being forced to leave a place of residence (AOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08-3.70) in the past 6 months.
Results highlight a previously poorly understood elements of the US-deportation experience: migrants' experiences with law enforcement post-deportation and the role of deportation policies and practices as structural drivers of public health risk in destination countries. We provide policy recommendations for Mexico and the US based on our findings, which have potential application in other countries seeking to improve enforcement and related policing practices from a public health perspective.
旨在解决注射毒品者（PWID）这一结构上易受伤害群体以及涉及移民执法和驱逐系统问题的循证公共卫生和刑事司法政策尚付阙如。治安执法行为是PWID中艾滋病病毒感染的关键结构性决定因素。从美国被驱逐出境的墨西哥PWID感染艾滋病病毒的风险较高。
2011年至2013年，招募了733名PWID完成结构化问卷，包括过去6个月与警方打交道的经历。符合条件的PWID年龄在18岁及以上，过去一个月内有过注射行为，居住在墨西哥蒂华纳且无搬迁意向。为确定驱逐状态是否与被捕经历及不良治安执法行为相关，我们针对独立的治安执法变量进行了单独的多变量逻辑回归模型分析。
在多变量分析中，驱逐状态与过去6个月内被捕几率较高（调整优势比（AOR）：1.45；95%置信区间（CI）：1.02 - 2.05）、被索要贿赂（AOR：1.39；95% CI：1.05 - 2.04）以及被迫离开居住地（AOR：2.00；95% CI：1.08 - 3.70）独立相关。
研究结果凸显了美国驱逐经历中一个此前未被充分理解的方面：移民被驱逐后与执法部门打交道的经历，以及驱逐政策和做法作为目的地国公共卫生风险结构性驱动因素的作用。我们根据研究结果为墨西哥和美国提供了政策建议，这些建议在其他寻求从公共卫生角度改善执法及相关治安执法行为的国家可能具有应用价值。
