Pitcovski Jacob, Shahar Ehud, Aizenshtein Elina, Gorodetsky Raphael
MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel.
MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Radiobiology, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017 Jul;115:36-49. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.001. Epub 2017 May 6.
Melanoma is a highly lethal cancer deriving from transformed dermal melanocytes. Early diagnosed primary melanoma may be curable, but the cure-rate of more advanced stages is limited, with high mortality rate. With the progression of the tumor, the melanocytes overexpress intracellular or cell-surface molecules, including ectopic normal and tumor-specific proteins. Some of these induce a specific immune response by T and B lymphocytes. Antibodies raised against melanoma antigens were proposed for differential disease diagnosis, staging, prognosis and evaluation of treatment efficiency. Nevertheless, treatments based on stimulation of specific anti-melanoma immune responses have had only limited success. It seems that efficient immunotherapy should become more feasible pending on finding new adequate antigens to target. New insights into immune regulation of the tumor microenvironment and its progression may help the development of more successful treatments. We present here up-to-date information on known major melanoma-associated antigens, which could serve as tools for diagnosis as well as for clinical immunotherapy. This approach with promising results for treating some other selected malignancies is still experimental with a very limited success in melanoma. The development of new immune modulators of the tumor microenvironment and neo-antigens may be additional promising directions and may open new opportunities for the immunotherapy of melanoma.
黑色素瘤是一种源自转化的真皮黑素细胞的高致死性癌症。早期诊断的原发性黑色素瘤可能可治愈，但更晚期阶段的治愈率有限，死亡率很高。随着肿瘤进展，黑素细胞会过度表达细胞内或细胞表面分子，包括异位正常蛋白和肿瘤特异性蛋白。其中一些会诱导T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞产生特异性免疫反应。针对黑色素瘤抗原产生的抗体被用于疾病的鉴别诊断、分期、预后评估及治疗效果评价。然而，基于刺激特异性抗黑色素瘤免疫反应的治疗仅取得了有限的成功。似乎在找到新的合适靶点抗原之前，有效的免疫疗法应会变得更可行。对肿瘤微环境及其进展的免疫调节的新见解可能有助于开发更成功的治疗方法。我们在此提供有关已知主要黑色素瘤相关抗原的最新信息，这些抗原可作为诊断工具以及临床免疫疗法的工具。这种方法在治疗其他一些特定恶性肿瘤方面取得了有前景的结果，但在黑色素瘤中仍处于实验阶段，成功非常有限。开发肿瘤微环境和新抗原的新型免疫调节剂可能是另外有前景的方向，并且可能为黑色素瘤免疫疗法带来新机遇。
