Kendra Paul E, Owens David, Montgomery Wayne S, Narvaez Teresa I, Bauchan Gary R, Schnell Elena Q, Tabanca Nurhayat, Carrillo Daniel
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL, United States of America.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area Research Center, Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville, MD, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2017 Jun 13;12(6):e0179416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179416. eCollection 2017.
The tea shot-hole borer, Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff, is an ambrosia beetle endemic to Asia and a pest of commercial tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Recently, a complex of species morphologically similar to E. fornicatus has been recognized, which includes new pests established in Israel and the USA, both in California and Florida. Collectively termed E. nr. fornicatus, these cryptic species carry symbiotic Fusarium spp. fungi, some of which cause dieback disease in susceptible hosts, which include avocado, Persea americana Miller. Due to the threat to this economically important crop, research was initiated to evaluate efficacy of kairomone-based lures for detection of the beetle in Florida (termed the Florida tea shot hole borer, FL-TSHB). A series of field tests were conducted in 2016 in commercial avocado groves known to have FL-TSHB at various population levels. All tests evaluated lures containing quercivorol (p-menth-2-en-1-ol) and α-copaene, presented separately and in combination; and one test evaluated effect of trap type on beetle captures. In addition, electroantennography (EAG) was used to quantify female olfactory responses to lure emissions. This study identified (-)-α-copaene as a new attractant for FL-TSHB, equivalent in efficacy to quercivorol (the standard lure for Euwallacea detection in the USA); however, the combination of lures captured significantly more FL-TSHB than either lure alone. This combination resulted in synergistic attraction at two field sites and additive attraction at a third site. Sticky panel traps captured more FL-TSHB than comparably-baited Lindgren funnel traps. Females engaged in host-seeking flight from 11:00 to 16:00 hr (EST), with peak numbers observed between 12:00 and 13:00 hr. EAG analyses confirmed olfactory chemoreception of both kairomones, with a higher response elicited with the combination of volatiles. Results indicate that detection of pest E. nr. fornicatus in Florida can be improved by using a two-component lure consisting of p-menth-2-en-1-ol and (-)-α-copaene.
茶小蠹（Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff）是一种原产于亚洲的食菌小蠹，是商业茶树（Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze）的害虫。最近，一种形态上与茶小蠹相似的复合物种被识别出来，其中包括在以色列以及美国加利福尼亚州和佛罗里达州出现的新害虫。这些难以区分的物种统称为近茶小蠹（E. nr. fornicatus），它们携带共生的镰刀菌属真菌，其中一些会在包括鳄梨（Persea americana Miller）在内的易感寄主上引发枝枯病。由于对这种经济上重要的作物构成威胁，因此开展了研究以评估基于信息素的诱捕器在佛罗里达州检测这种小蠹（称为佛罗里达茶小蠹，FL-TSHB）的效果。2016年在已知有不同种群水平的佛罗里达茶小蠹的商业鳄梨果园中进行了一系列田间试验。所有试验评估了单独呈现和组合呈现的含有槲皮醇（对薄荷-2-烯-1-醇）和α-可巴烯的诱捕器；并且一项试验评估了诱捕器类型对小蠹捕获量的影响。此外，采用触角电位技术（EAG）来量化雌虫对诱捕器气味的嗅觉反应。本研究确定（-）-α-可巴烯是佛罗里达茶小蠹的一种新引诱剂，其效果与槲皮醇（美国检测茶小蠹的标准诱捕剂）相当；然而，组合诱捕器捕获的佛罗里达茶小蠹明显多于单独使用的任何一种诱捕器。这种组合在两个田间地点产生了协同引诱作用，在第三个地点产生了相加引诱作用。粘性平板诱捕器捕获的佛罗里达茶小蠹比用类似诱饵的 Lindgren 漏斗诱捕器更多。雌虫在东部标准时间11:00至16:00进行寄主搜寻飞行，在12:00至13:00观察到数量峰值。EAG分析证实了两种信息素的嗅觉化学感受，挥发性物质组合引发的反应更高。结果表明，通过使用由对薄荷-2-烯-1-醇和（-）-α-可巴烯组成的双组分诱捕器，可以提高在佛罗里达州检测近茶小蠹害虫的能力。
