De-Sola José, Talledo Hernán, Rubio Gabriel, de Fonseca Fernando Rodríguez
Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru.
Front Psychiatry. 2017 May 30;8:90. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00090. eCollection 2017.
In some people, problematic cell phone use can lead to situations in which they lose control, similar to those observed in other cases of addiction. Although different scales have been developed to assess its severity, we lack an instrument that is able to determine the desire or craving associated with it. Thus, with the objective of evaluating craving for cell phone use, in this study, we develop and present the Mobile Phone Addiction Craving Scale (MPACS). It consists of eight Likert-style items, with 10 response options, referring to possible situations in which the interviewee is asked to evaluate the degree of restlessness that he or she feels if the cell phone is unavailable at the moment. It can be self-administered or integrated in an interview when abuse or problems are suspected. With the existence of a single dimension, reflected in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the scale presents adequate reliability and internal consistency (α = 0.919). Simultaneously, we are able to show significantly increased correlations ( = 0.785, = 0.000) with the Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS) and state anxiety ( = 0.330, = 0.000). We are also able to find associations with impulsivity, measured using the urgency, premeditation, perseverance, and sensation seeking scale, particularly in the dimensions of negative urgency ( = 0.303, = 0.000) and positive urgency ( = 0.290, = 0.000), which confirms its construct validity. The analysis of these results conveys important discriminant validity among the MPPUS user categories that are obtained using the criteria by Chow et al. (1). The MPACS demonstrates higher levels of craving in persons up to 35 years of age, reversing with age. In contrast, we do not find significant differences among the sexes. Finally, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis allows us to establish the scores from which we are able to determine the different levels of craving, from the absence of craving to that referred to as addiction. Based on these results, we can conclude that this scale is a reliable tool that complements ongoing studies on problematic cell phone use.
在一些人身上，有问题的手机使用会导致他们失去控制的情况，这与在其他成瘾案例中观察到的情况类似。尽管已经开发了不同的量表来评估其严重程度，但我们缺乏一种能够确定与之相关的欲望或渴望程度的工具。因此，为了评估对手机使用的渴望程度，在本研究中，我们开发并展示了手机成瘾渴望量表（MPACS）。它由八个李克特式项目组成，有10个回答选项，涉及受访者可能被要求评估在手机当前不可用时所感受到的不安程度的情况。当怀疑存在滥用或问题时，它可以自行填写或纳入访谈中。在探索性因素分析（EFA）中反映出该量表存在单一维度，具有足够的信度和内部一致性（α = 0.919）。同时，我们能够显示出与手机问题使用量表（MPPUS）和状态焦虑存在显著增加的相关性（r = 0.785，p = 0.000）以及（r = 0.330，p = 0.000）。我们还能够发现与使用冲动性、预谋性、毅力和感觉寻求量表测量的冲动性存在关联，特别是在消极冲动性维度（r = 0.303，p = 0.000）和积极冲动性维度（r = 0.290，p = 0.000），这证实了其结构效度。对这些结果的分析表明，在使用Chow等人（1）的标准获得的MPPUS用户类别之间存在重要的区分效度。MPACS显示35岁及以下人群的渴望程度更高，且随年龄增长而逆转。相比之下，我们未发现性别之间存在显著差异。最后，受试者工作特征（ROC）分析使我们能够确定能够区分从无渴望到成瘾等不同渴望程度的分数。基于这些结果，我们可以得出结论，该量表是一种可靠的工具，可补充正在进行的关于有问题手机使用的研究。
