中国兰州 PM 的化学特征及来源解析。
Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM in Lanzhou, China.
机构信息
Huairou Eco-Environmental Observatory, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Air Quality Research Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
出版信息
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 1;601-602:1743-1752. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.050. Epub 2017 Jun 10.
Daily PM samples were collected during winter 2012 and summer 2013 at an urban site in Lanzhou and were analyzed for chemical compounds including water soluble inorganic ions (WSIN), trace elements, water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), carbonaceous species (OC/EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and humic-like substances (HULIS). The seasonal-average reconstructed PM mass was 120.5μgm in winter and 34.1μgm in summer. The top three groups of species in PM were OC (35.4±13.9μgm), WSIN (34.89±14.21μgm), and EC (13.80±5.41μgm) in winter and WSIN (11.25±3.25μgm), OC (9.74±3.30μgm), and EC (4.44±2.00μgm) in summer. EC exceeded SO on most of the days. Several anthropogenic produced primary pollutants such as PAHs, Cl, Pb, Cd and OCpri were 4-22 times higher in winter than summer. Carcinogenic substances such as Arsenic, BaP, Pb, and Cd in PM exceeded the WHO guideline limits by 274%, 153%, 23% and 7%, respectively. Positive Matric Factorization analysis identified seven source factors including steel industry, secondary aerosols, coal combustion, power plants, vehicle emissions, crustal dust, and smelting industry, which contributed 7.1%, 33.0%, 28.7%, 3.12%, 8.8%, 13.3%, and 6.0%, respectively, to PM in winter, and 6.7%, 14.8%, 3.1%, 3.4%, 25.2%, 11.6% and 35.2% in summer. Smelting industry and steel industry were identified for the first time as sources of PM in this city, and power plant was distinguished from industrial boiler and residential coal burning.
2012 年冬季和 2013 年夏季，在兰州市的一个城区点采集了每日 PM2.5 样品，对包括水溶性无机离子（WSIN）、微量元素、水溶性有机碳（WSOC）、碳质物质（OC/EC）、多环芳烃（PAHs）和类腐殖质物质（HULIS）在内的化学物质进行了分析。冬季的季节平均重建 PM2.5 质量为 120.5μg/m3，夏季为 34.1μg/m3。冬季 PM2.5 中含量最高的三类物质是 OC（35.4±13.9μg/m3）、WSIN（34.89±14.21μg/m3）和 EC（13.80±5.41μg/m3），夏季则是 WSIN（11.25±3.25μg/m3）、OC（9.74±3.30μg/m3）和 EC（4.44±2.00μg/m3）。在大多数日子里，EC 超过了 SO2。冬季，一些人为产生的原生污染物如 PAHs、Cl、Pb、Cd 和 OCpri 的浓度比夏季高 4-22 倍。PM2.5 中的致癌物质如砷、BaP、Pb 和 Cd 分别超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）指导值的 274%、153%、23%和 7%。正矩阵因子分析（PMF）识别出了七个污染源因子，包括钢铁工业、二次气溶胶、煤燃烧、发电厂、车辆排放、地壳尘和冶炼工业，它们分别对冬季 PM2.5 贡献了 7.1%、33.0%、28.7%、3.12%、8.8%、13.3%和 6.0%，夏季则分别贡献了 6.7%、14.8%、3.1%、3.4%、25.2%、11.6%和 35.2%。首次发现冶炼工业和钢铁工业是该城市 PM2.5 的污染源，而发电厂与工业锅炉和居民燃煤区分开来。
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