美国成年人中咒语、正念和精神冥想的使用流行情况及模式。
Prevalence and patterns of use of mantra, mindfulness and spiritual meditation among adults in the United States.
作者信息
Burke Adam, Lam Chun Nok, Stussman Barbara, Yang Hui
机构信息
Institute for Holistic Health Studies, Department of Health Education/HSS327, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Behavior Research Program, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
出版信息
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Jun 15;17(1):316. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1827-8.
BACKGROUND
Despite a growing body of scientific literature exploring the nature of meditation there is limited information on the characteristics of individuals who use it. This is particularly true of comparative studies examining prevalence and predictors of use of various forms of meditation.
METHODS
A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (n = 34,525). Three popular forms of meditation were compared-mantra, mindfulness, and spiritual-to determine lifetime and 12-month use related to key sociodemographic, health behavior, health status, and healthcare access variables.
RESULTS
The 12-month prevalence for meditation practice was 3.1% for spiritual meditation, 1.9% for mindfulness meditation, and 1.6% for mantra meditation. This represents approximately 7.0, 4.3, and 3.6 million adults respectively. A comparison across the three meditation practices found many similarities in user characteristics, suggesting interest in meditation may be more related to the type of person meditating than to the type of practice selected. Across meditation styles use was more prevalent among respondents who were female, non-Hispanic White, college educated, physically active; who used other complementary health practices; and who reported depression. Higher utilization of conventional healthcare services was one of the strongest predictors of use of all three styles. In addition to similarities, important distinctions were observed. For example, spiritual meditation practice was more prevalent among former drinkers. This may reflect use of spiritual meditation practices in support of alcohol treatment and sobriety. Reasons for use of meditation were examined using the sample of respondents who practiced mindfulness meditation. Wellness and prevention (74%) was a more common reason than use to treat a specific health condition (30%). Common reasons for use included stress management (92%) and emotional well-being (91%), and to support other health behaviors. Meditation was viewed positively because it was self-care oriented (81%) and focused on the whole person (79%).
CONCLUSION
Meditation appears to provide an accessible, self-care resource that has potential value for mental health, behavioral self-regulation, and integrative medical care. Considering consumer preference for distinct types of meditation practices, understanding the underlying mechanisms, benefits, and applications of practice variations is important.
背景
尽管探索冥想本质的科学文献越来越多，但关于冥想使用者特征的信息却很有限。在比较各种形式冥想的使用流行率和预测因素的研究中尤其如此。
方法
使用2012年全国健康访谈调查（n = 34,525）的数据进行二次分析。比较了三种流行的冥想形式——念咒冥想、正念冥想和灵性冥想——以确定与关键社会人口统计学、健康行为、健康状况和医疗保健可及性变量相关的终生使用情况和12个月使用情况。
结果
灵性冥想的12个月冥想练习流行率为3.1%，正念冥想为1.9%，念咒冥想为1.6%。这分别代表了约700万、430万和360万成年人。对三种冥想练习的比较发现，使用者特征有许多相似之处，这表明对冥想的兴趣可能更多地与冥想者的类型有关，而不是与所选的练习类型有关。在所有冥想方式中，女性、非西班牙裔白人、受过大学教育、身体活跃的受访者；使用其他补充健康方法的受访者；以及报告有抑郁症的受访者中，冥想的使用更为普遍。常规医疗服务的更高利用率是所有三种冥想方式使用的最强预测因素之一。除了相似之处，还观察到了重要的差异。例如，灵性冥想练习在以前的饮酒者中更为普遍。这可能反映了在支持戒酒治疗中使用灵性冥想练习。使用正念冥想的受访者样本对使用冥想的原因进行了调查。促进健康和预防（74%）是比用于治疗特定健康状况（30%）更常见的原因。常见的使用原因包括压力管理（92%）和情绪健康（91%），以及支持其他健康行为。冥想受到积极评价，因为它以自我护理为导向（81%），并关注整个人（79%）。
结论
冥想似乎提供了一种可及的自我护理资源，对心理健康、行为自我调节和综合医疗保健具有潜在价值。考虑到消费者对不同类型冥想练习的偏好，了解练习差异的潜在机制、益处和应用很重要。
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