Kaartinen Niina E, Similä Minna E, Kanerva Noora, Valsta Liisa M, Harald Kennet, Männistö Satu
Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
J Nutr Sci. 2017 Mar 8;6:e7. doi: 10.1017/jns.2017.3. eCollection 2017.
Associations between sugar intake and the remaining diet are poorly described in modern food environments. We aimed at exploring associations of high naturally occurring and added sugar intakes with sociodemographic characteristics, intake of macronutrients, fibre and selected food groups. Our data comprised 4842 Finnish adults aged 25-74 years, who participated in the population-based DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) study. Diet was assessed by a validated 131-item FFQ. The food item disaggregation approach was used to estimate sucrose and fructose intakes from natural sources (naturally occurring sugar) and all other sources (added sugar). Sex-specific trends in macronutrient, fibre and food group intakes across sugar type quartiles were determined with general linear modelling adjusting for age, energy intake, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, education and BMI. Overall, results were similar across sexes. Young age was found to be a determinant of higher added sugar and lower naturally occurring sugar intakes ( < 0·0001). High added sugar intake was associated with low fibre intake ( < 0·0001) accompanied with lower fruit ( < 0·0001 women; = 0·022 men) and vegetable consumption ( < 0·0001) and higher wheat consumption ( = 0·0003 women; < 0·0001 men). Opposite results were found for naturally occurring sugar. Butter consumption increased by 28-32 % ( < 0·0001) when shifting from the lowest to the highest added sugar intake quartile, while a decrease of 26-38 % ( < 0·0001) was found for naturally occurring sugar. Therefore, the associations of sugar types with dietary carbohydrate and fat quality seem opposing. Proper adjustments with dietary variables are needed when studying independent relationships between sugar and health.
在现代食物环境中，糖摄入量与其余饮食之间的关联鲜有描述。我们旨在探究高天然糖和添加糖摄入量与社会人口学特征、宏量营养素摄入量、纤维及特定食物组之间的关联。我们的数据来自4842名年龄在25 - 74岁的芬兰成年人，他们参与了基于人群的肥胖与代谢综合征的饮食、生活方式及遗传决定因素（DILGOM）研究。饮食通过一份经验证的包含131个条目的食物频率问卷进行评估。采用食物项目分解法来估计天然来源（天然存在的糖）和所有其他来源（添加糖）的蔗糖和果糖摄入量。通过一般线性模型确定了不同糖类型四分位数间宏量营养素、纤维和食物组摄入量的性别特异性趋势，并对年龄、能量摄入、休闲时间身体活动、吸烟、教育程度和体重指数进行了校正。总体而言，男女结果相似。研究发现，年轻是较高添加糖摄入量和较低天然糖摄入量的一个决定因素（P < 0·0001）。高添加糖摄入量与低纤维摄入量相关（P < 0·0001），同时水果摄入量较低（女性P < 0·0001；男性P = 0·022）、蔬菜摄入量较低（P < 0·0001），而小麦摄入量较高（女性P = 0·0003；男性P < 0·0001）。天然糖的情况则相反。从添加糖摄入量最低的四分位数转变到最高的四分位数时，黄油摄入量增加了28 - 32%（P < 0·0001），而天然糖摄入量则减少了26 - 38%（P < 0·0001）。因此，糖类型与膳食碳水化合物和脂肪质量之间的关联似乎是相反的。在研究糖与健康之间的独立关系时，需要对饮食变量进行适当校正。
