Macdiarmid J I, Vail A, Cade J E, Blundell J E
School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Nov;22(11):1053-61. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800724.
To assess the relationship of dietary fat and sugar consumption in men and women with different body mass indices (BMI). To determine the actual food sources for sugar intake, comparing differences between men and women across BMI groups. The effect of excluding individuals with low energy intakes (that is, invalid data) on these relationships was also incorporated in the analysis.
Subjects for this analysis were those individuals who participated in the 1986-1987 Dietary and Nutrition Survey of British Adults (DNSBA).
In the DNSBA, dietary intake was assessed using seven-day weighed food records, providing estimates of dietary fat and sugar intake. From the DNSBA database food records, sources of sugar intake were classified into five sugar containing food groups (high fat sweet products, fruits, dairy products, sugar products (excluding soft drinks) and sugar products (including soft drinks)). BMI was calculated from the measurement of height and body weight.
A positive relationship between BMI and dietary fat intake was found for men, both when fat was expressed as a percentage of energy and in absolute terms (g/d). This relationship was only replicated for women when intake was expressed in absolute terms. A negative relationship was found between sugar intake (as a percentage of energy) and BMI in men, but not women. Expressing sugar consumption in absolute terms did not produce a statistically significant relationship with BMI for either men or women. In women the only sugar source associated with BMI was high fat sweet products (for example, cakes, biscuits, chocolate), where higher intakes were related to higher BMIs. The reverse relationship was found for men. In men, BMI was also negatively related to the intake of sugar products (for example, table sugar, preserves, sugar confectionery), both when soft drinks were included and excluded. The inclusion of low energy reporters (LER) in the analysis altered the relationships between nutrients and BMI, particularly among women. The association between overall fat intake (g/d) and BMI was weakened, while the negative relationship with sugar intake was strengthened. In the case of women, the inclusion of LER completely reversed the relationship between consumption of high fat sweet foods (cakes, biscuits, chocolate) and BMI (due to the reduced reporting of these products by obese women). Fewer alterations in the relationships between BMI and the sources of sugar consumed were observed in men than in women when LER were included in the analysis.
The relationships between dietary fat, sugar and BMI are different in men and women, and are dependent on the inclusion of LER, particularly in women. The results suggest that among women the consumption of high fat sweet products may be a factor in understanding obesity. Furthermore, the observation of high consumption of these foods among obese women is consistent with measured preferences for these high fat sweet foods. The altered representation of the data created by LER appears to distort the relationship between sugar, fat and the degree of obesity in men and women.
评估不同体重指数（BMI）的男性和女性饮食中脂肪与糖的摄入量之间的关系。确定糖摄入的实际食物来源，比较不同BMI组男性和女性之间的差异。分析中还纳入了排除低能量摄入个体（即无效数据）对这些关系的影响。
本分析的对象是参与1986 - 1987年英国成年人饮食与营养调查（DNSBA）的个体。
在DNSBA中，使用为期七天的称重食物记录评估饮食摄入量，以估算饮食中脂肪和糖的摄入量。从DNSBA数据库的食物记录中，糖摄入来源被分为五个含糖食物组（高脂肪甜食、水果、乳制品、糖制品（不包括软饮料）和糖制品（包括软饮料））。BMI通过身高和体重测量值计算得出。
男性中，无论是将脂肪表示为能量的百分比还是以绝对量（克/天）表示，BMI与饮食脂肪摄入量之间均呈正相关。仅当以绝对量表示摄入量时，女性中才重现了这种关系。男性中糖摄入量（占能量的百分比）与BMI呈负相关，而女性中未发现此关系。以绝对量表示糖的摄入量时，男性和女性与BMI均未产生具有统计学意义的关系。在女性中，与BMI相关的唯一糖来源是高脂肪甜食（如蛋糕、饼干、巧克力），摄入量越高，BMI越高。男性则呈现相反的关系。在男性中，无论是否包括软饮料，BMI与糖制品（如食糖、蜜饯、糖果）的摄入量也呈负相关。分析中纳入低能量报告者（LER）改变了营养素与BMI之间的关系，尤其是在女性中。总脂肪摄入量（克/天）与BMI之间的关联减弱，而与糖摄入量的负相关增强。就女性而言，纳入LER完全逆转了高脂肪甜食（蛋糕、饼干、巧克力）摄入量与BMI之间的关系（由于肥胖女性对这些产品的报告减少）。分析中纳入LER时，男性中BMI与糖摄入来源之间关系的变化比女性少。
饮食中脂肪、糖与BMI之间的关系在男性和女性中有所不同，并且取决于LER的纳入情况，尤其是在女性中。结果表明，在女性中，高脂肪甜食的消费可能是理解肥胖问题的一个因素。此外，肥胖女性中这些食物的高消费量与对这些高脂肪甜食的测量偏好一致。LER造成的数据呈现变化似乎扭曲了男性和女性中糖、脂肪与肥胖程度之间的关系。
