Human papillomavirus infection and lymphoma incidence using cervical conization as a surrogate marker: a Danish nationwide cohort study.

Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may promote carcinogenesis by hyperactivation of the immune system. We, therefore, explored the associations between HPV infection and risk of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a nationwide cohort study using conization as a surrogate marker. We identified all Danish women who underwent conization between 1978 and 2011. We computed standardized incidence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on national cancer incidence rates. Among 87 435 women who underwent conization, we noted an increased incidence of Hodgkin (standardized incidence ratio 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.02) but only a slight increase for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (standardized incidence ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.25). As measured by conization, HPV infection is associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. This association may be attributable to a chronic immune activation induced by persistent HPV infection and/or failure of the immune system both to clear HPV infection and to control lymphoma development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.