Recent progress in immunotherapy for urological cancer.

Cancer immunotherapy for urological tumors had made progress for several decades, but recent advances in immunotherapy, as therapeutic vaccines or immune checkpoint inhibitors, have drastically changed the present treatment strategy. Recently, nivolumab and atezolizumab have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of urological cancers. Additional immune checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines are being tested in clinical trials. Despite advances in these therapeutic modalities, benefits are limited to a subset of patients. New agents and novel combinations will also continue to create new immunotherapy strategies. Further development of biomarkers for predicting response is required to achieve optimal efficacy with these therapeutic interventions.