Krivanek Jan, Adameyko Igor, Fried Kaj
Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University ViennaVienna, Austria.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden.
Front Physiol. 2017 Jun 7;8:376. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00376. eCollection 2017.
Every tissue is composed of multiple cell types that are developmentally, evolutionary and functionally integrated into the unit we call an organ. Teeth, our organs for biting and mastication, are complex and made of many different cell types connected or disconnected in terms of their ontogeny. In general, epithelial and mesenchymal compartments represent the major framework of tooth formation. Thus, they give rise to the two most important matrix-producing populations: ameloblasts generating enamel and odontoblasts producing dentin. However, the real picture is far from this quite simplified view. Diverse pulp cells, the immune system, the vascular system, the innervation and cells organizing the dental follicle all interact, and jointly participate in transforming lifeless matrix into a functional organ that can sense and protect itself. Here we outline the heterogeneity of cell types that inhabit the tooth, and also provide a life history of the major populations. The mouse model system has been indispensable not only for the studies of cell lineages and heterogeneity, but also for the investigation of dental stem cells and tooth patterning during development. Finally, we briefly discuss the evolutionary aspects of cell type diversity and dental tissue integration.
每个组织都由多种细胞类型组成，这些细胞类型在发育、进化和功能上整合为一个我们称为器官的单元。牙齿是我们用于咬和咀嚼的器官，结构复杂，由许多不同的细胞类型组成，这些细胞类型在个体发育上相互联系或相互独立。一般来说，上皮和间充质部分构成了牙齿形成的主要框架。因此，它们产生了两个最重要的基质产生群体：形成釉质的成釉细胞和产生牙本质的成牙本质细胞。然而，实际情况远非这种相当简化的观点所能涵盖。多种牙髓细胞、免疫系统、血管系统、神经支配以及构成牙囊的细胞都相互作用，并共同参与将无生命的基质转化为一个能够感知和自我保护的功能性器官。在这里，我们概述了牙齿中细胞类型的异质性，并提供了主要细胞群体的生命历程。小鼠模型系统不仅对于细胞谱系和异质性的研究不可或缺，而且对于发育过程中牙干细胞和牙齿模式的研究也至关重要。最后，我们简要讨论细胞类型多样性和牙齿组织整合的进化方面。
