Singh Rajendra, Singh Karam Pal, Cherian Susan, Saminathan Mani, Kapoor Sanjay, Manjunatha Reddy G B, Panda Shibani, Dhama Kuldeep
a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India.
b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India.
Vet Q. 2017 Dec;37(1):212-251. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516.
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
狂犬病是一种人畜共患的、致命的进行性神经感染，由弹状病毒科狂犬病毒属的狂犬病病毒引起。它影响所有温血动物，这种疾病在全世界都很普遍，除了澳大利亚和南极洲等岛屿外，在许多国家都有地方性流行。每年有超过6万人死于狂犬病，而每年约有1500万人接受狂犬病暴露后预防（PEP）。狂犬病动物的咬伤和受感染宿主的唾液是主要传播途径，浣熊、臭鼬、蝙蝠和狐狸等野生动物是狂犬病的主要宿主。潜伏期差异很大，从2周到6年不等（平均2 - 3个月）。尽管有严重的神经症状和致命后果，但神经病理损伤相对较轻。狂犬病病毒利用多种机制逃避宿主的免疫反应。作为一种主要的人畜共患病，准确快速的诊断对于早期治疗以及有效的预防和控制措施至关重要。传统的快速塞勒氏染色和组织病理学方法仍用于狂犬病诊断。直接免疫荧光试验（dFAT）是金标准试验，世界动物卫生组织（OIE）和世界卫生组织（WHO）都最常推荐用于诊断犬新鲜脑组织中的狂犬病。小鼠接种试验（MIT）和聚合酶链反应（PCR）更具优势，用于常规诊断。在流行地区可以接种减毒活疫苗、灭活疫苗、DNA疫苗和重组疫苗。这篇综述详细描述了狂犬病的流行病学、传播、发病机制、诊断进展、疫苗接种和治疗方法以及适当的预防和控制策略。
