Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Addiction. 2017 Dec;112(12):2217-2224. doi: 10.1111/add.13914. Epub 2017 Aug 2.
Little research has examined the relationship between incentives used by gambling venues to attract customers and the experience of gambling-related harm. Organized and subsidized bus tours are a common example of such incentives. The aim of this study was to examine whether bus-tour patronage was associated with increased odds of problem gambling among older adults. This study also compared rates of bus-tour use by socio-demographic characteristics and gambling behaviours.
Pearson's χ tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests were applied for bivariate analyses. Multivariate generalized mixed-effects regression modelling was used to examine the relationship between bus-tour patronage and problem gambling while controlling for possible confounding factors.
Seven gambling venues located in Central and Southwestern Ontario, Canada.
A total of 1978 gambling venue patrons over the age of 55 years.
Problem gambling as indicated by the Problem Gambling Severity Index, bus-tour patronage in the 12 months prior to the survey, spending per gambling visit and past-month slot machine participation.
Regression analyses showed that bus-tour patronage was associated with higher odds of problem gambling [odds ratio (OR) = 1.71, confidence interval (CI) = 1.06, 2.76] after controlling for several demographic characteristics, type of gambling and gambling expenditures. Bivariate analyses showed past-year bus-tour patronage was associated with more frequent slot machine play (χ = 48.16, P < 0.001), more past-year gambling venue visits (P < 0.001) and lower spending on gambling per casino visit (P < 0.001). Compared with non-patrons, bus tour patrons were more likely to be female (χ = 21.92, P < 0.001), born outside Canada (χ = 113.18, P < 0.001), above the age of 75 (χ = 24.02, P < 0.001) and retired (χ = 16.60, P < 0.001).
When adjusting for potential confounders among older adults, using bus tours to access Canadian gambling venues is associated with increased risk of problem gambling. Bus-tour patrons are more likely to be female, born outside Canada and above the age of 75 years.
很少有研究调查赌博场所用来吸引顾客的激励措施与赌博相关伤害体验之间的关系。组织和补贴的巴士旅游是此类激励措施的一个常见例子。本研究的目的是检验老年人乘坐巴士旅游的频率是否与赌博问题的几率增加有关。本研究还比较了按社会人口特征和赌博行为划分的巴士旅游使用率。
采用 Pearson χ 检验和 Mann-Whitney U 检验进行双变量分析。使用多变量广义混合效应回归模型，在控制可能的混杂因素的情况下，检验乘坐巴士旅游与赌博问题之间的关系。
加拿大安大略省中南部的 7 个赌博场所。
共有 1978 名年龄在 55 岁以上的赌博场所顾客。
使用赌博问题严重程度指数来衡量赌博问题，调查前 12 个月的巴士旅游频率、每次赌博的花费和过去一个月的老虎机参与情况。
回归分析显示，在控制了几个人口统计学特征、赌博类型和赌博支出后，乘坐巴士旅游与更高的赌博问题几率相关（比值比 [OR] = 1.71，置信区间 [CI] = 1.06，2.76）。双变量分析显示，过去一年乘坐巴士旅游与更频繁地使用老虎机（χ = 48.16，P < 0.001）、更多的过去一年赌场访问次数（P < 0.001）和每次赌场访问的支出减少（P < 0.001）相关。与非乘客相比，巴士旅游乘客更有可能是女性（χ = 21.92，P < 0.001）、在加拿大境外出生（χ = 113.18，P < 0.001）、年龄在 75 岁以上（χ = 24.02，P < 0.001）和退休（χ = 16.60，P < 0.001）。
在调整了老年人中的潜在混杂因素后，使用巴士旅游进入加拿大赌博场所与增加赌博问题的风险有关。巴士旅游乘客更有可能是女性、在加拿大境外出生和年龄在 75 岁以上。
