Gambling in Older Adulthood: Longitudinal Associations Between Stressful Life Events, Individual, and Social Factors.

Older adults are receiving increased attention in gambling research, in part because gambling and related problems appear to be increasing in this population. To date, little or no research has examined the complexities of gambling and later-life circumstances, including life events, and individual and social factors. This study utilized longitudinal data (5 waves) from older adults (60 + ; N = 670) in the Quinte Longitudinal Study (Williams et al., in: The Quinte longitudinal study of gambling and problem gambling 2006-2011, Bay of Quinte region, Ontario, 2014). Longitudinal multilevel models examined between- and within-person effects of stressful life events on gambling frequency and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) scores, and the possible moderating role of individual (age, gender, mental health, physical health) and social variables (marital status, social support) on this relationship. Results of the final model showed significant effects (p < .01) for linear time (PGSI scores declined across waves; β = - .06); gender (women's mean PGSI greater than men's; γ = .26); social support (less support associated with greater PGSI; γ = .05); and an interaction between age and stressful life events (effect of stressful events on PGSI is lesser with greater age; γ = - .02). Simple slopes (at mean age of 66 at wave 1, and ± 1SD) showed that at 61 (γ = .35) and 66 years (γ = .23), mean PGSI scores were greater with each additional stressful life event; there was no significant effect for stressful events at age 71. These findings suggest women, those with less social support, and greater stressful life events may be at greater risk of problem gambling, while greater age weakens the effect of stressful events and problem gambling.