Harlap S, Shiono P H, Ramcharan S
Int J Fertil. 1985;30(2):39-47.
Congenital malformations were observed in 33,545 newborns whose mothers were questioned during pregnancy about contraceptives used around the time of conception. There were 597 babies (17.8/1,000) with major malformations and 4,046 (120.6/1,000) with minor ones. The 8,522 offspring of mothers who had used oral contraceptives (OC) prior to conception showed 17.2/1,000 major malformations compared with rates of 15.0 and 20.1/1,000 in the groups who had used other methods or no birth control prior to conception. There was no evidence for an increased risk of malformations in women conceiving within 1 month of stopping OC. There were 850 babies exposed to OC in utero and the ratio of observed to expected cases of major malformations was 1.24 (n.s.) if the mother was a nonsmoker and 2.98 (P = 0.028) if the mother smoked one pack or more of cigarettes daily. There were no significant changes in malformation rates following failures of intrauterine devices, spermicides or rhythm contraception.
对33545名新生儿进行了观察，这些新生儿的母亲在孕期被询问了受孕前后使用避孕措施的情况。有597名婴儿（每1000名中有17.8名）患有严重畸形，4046名婴儿（每1000名中有120.6名）患有轻微畸形。受孕前使用口服避孕药（OC）的母亲的8522名后代中，严重畸形发生率为每1000名中有17.2名，而受孕前使用其他方法或未采取避孕措施的组中，这一发生率分别为每1000名中有15.0名和20.1名。没有证据表明在停止服用OC后1个月内受孕的女性中，畸形风险增加。有850名婴儿在子宫内接触过OC，如果母亲不吸烟，严重畸形的观察病例与预期病例之比为1.24（无统计学意义），如果母亲每天吸烟一包或更多，则该比例为2.98（P = 0.028）。宫内节育器、杀精剂或安全期避孕失败后，畸形率没有显著变化。
