Stratton Scott, Shelke Namdev B, Hoshino Kazunori, Rudraiah Swetha, Kumbar Sangamesh G
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
Bioact Mater. 2016 Dec;1(2):93-108. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2016.11.001. Epub 2016 Dec 20.
A variety of engineered scaffolds have been created for tissue engineering using polymers, ceramics and their composites. Biomimicry has been adopted for majority of the three-dimensional (3D) scaffold design both in terms of physicochemical properties, as well as bioactivity for superior tissue regeneration. Scaffolds fabricated via salt leaching, particle sintering, hydrogels and lithography have been successful in promoting cell growth and tissue regeneration . Scaffold systems derived from decellularization of whole organs or tissues has been popular due to their assured biocompatibility and bioactivity. Traditional scaffold fabrication techniques often failed to create intricate structures with greater resolution, not reproducible and involved multiple steps. The 3D printing technology overcome several limitations of the traditional techniques and made it easier to adopt several thermoplastics and hydrogels to create micro-nanostructured scaffolds and devices for tissue engineering and drug delivery. This review highlights scaffold fabrication methodologies with a focus on optimizing scaffold performance through the matrix pores, bioactivity and degradation rate to enable tissue regeneration. Review highlights few examples of bioactive scaffold mediated nerve, muscle, tendon/ligament and bone regeneration. Regardless of the efforts required for optimization, a shift in 3D scaffold uses from the laboratory into everyday life is expected in the near future as some of the methods discussed in this review become more streamlined.
人们利用聚合物、陶瓷及其复合材料为组织工程创建了多种工程支架。在三维（3D）支架设计中，无论是物理化学性质还是生物活性方面，大多数都采用了仿生学方法，以实现卓越的组织再生。通过盐析、颗粒烧结、水凝胶和光刻技术制造的支架已成功促进细胞生长和组织再生。源自全器官或组织去细胞化的支架系统因其可靠的生物相容性和生物活性而受到欢迎。传统的支架制造技术往往无法制造出具有更高分辨率的复杂结构，不可重复且涉及多个步骤。3D打印技术克服了传统技术的几个局限性，使得采用多种热塑性塑料和水凝胶来制造用于组织工程和药物递送的微纳结构支架和装置变得更加容易。本综述重点介绍了支架制造方法，着重通过基质孔隙、生物活性和降解速率来优化支架性能，以实现组织再生。综述突出了生物活性支架介导神经、肌肉、肌腱/韧带和骨再生的几个例子。尽管优化需要付出努力，但随着本综述中讨论的一些方法变得更加简化，预计在不久的将来3D支架的使用将从实验室转向日常生活。
